Cite this as: Maynard, D., Qoşqarli, Q., Müseybli, N., Nəcəfov, Ş, Əsədov, V. Agalarzadə, A., Kiriçenko, D., Hüseynov, M. and Zeynalov, A. 2022 Archaeological Excavations on the SCPX Pipeline, Azerbaijan 2013-2018, Internet Archaeology 59. https://doi.org/10.11141/ia.59.11
The South Caucasus Pipeline Expansion (SCPX) is a pipeline built to carry gas from the Caspian Sea basin across Azerbaijan through Georgia for onward transmission to Turkey and Europe. Completed in 2018, the SCPX follows the line of the earlier BTC and SCP pipelines across Azerbaijan. The project included an archaeological programme that supplemented the discoveries of the earlier two projects. The results were very similar, but were significantly different from the earlier work.
The SCPX work was carried out on 48 locations using a team of national and international archaeologists. Chalcolithic material was again found at Poylu, Xocaxan and Ağılı Dərə. The Kür-Araz culture of the early Bronze Age was indicated with burials at Soyuqbulaq and Tovuzçay. The Xocalı-Gədəbəy culture of the late Bronze Age early Iron Age is well represented with a cemetery found at Tovuzçay II and the kurgans at Borsunlu Camp. Antique period jar grave cemeteries were found in the Yevlax area at Əmirarx, Bəyimsarov, Səmədabad and Yaldili. Medieval settlement sites were excavated at Əmirarx, Faxrali, Lək and Hacialili. The major discovery of the project was the medieval castle at Kərpiclitəpə. This was a rectangular structure with towers at each corner and evidence of occupation that probably ended with the Mongol invasion.
The report is structured as an introduction to the project, with a brief summary of excavations. The detail for each site can be accessed in the report by links to the archive on the ADS website in a similar form to the BTC/SCP project report. The reader can thus access all the information for each site together with detailed analysis of radiocarbon and other analyses of the sites for all the work in that area from the various projects. Taken as a whole, the work on the three projects provides a means to comprehend part of the very broad early history of northwest Azerbaijan.
Xülasə
Cənubi Qafqaz Boru Kəmərinin Genişləndirilməsi (CQBKG) qazin Azərbaycan ərazisindən keçməklə Xəzər dənizi hövzəsindən Gürcüstana, oradan isə Türkiyəyə və Avropaya nəql edilməsi üçün inşa edilmiş boru kəməridir. 2018-ci ildə tamamlanmiş CQBKG boru kəməri Azərbaycan ərazisi boyunca ondan əvvəl inşa edilmiş BTC və CQBK boru kəmərlərinin marşrutu boyunca uzanir. Bu layihə əvvəlki iki layihənin aşkar etdiyi tapintilara əlavə olan bir arxeoloji proqrami əhatə edirdi. Nəticələr çox oxşar olsa da, lakin əvvəlki işlərdən əhəmiyyətli dərəcədə fərqlənir.
CQBKG ilə əlaqədar işlər yerli və xarici arxeoloqlardan ibarət komandanın iştirakı ilə 48 yerdə aparılıb. Poylu, Xocaxan və Ağılı Dərədə yenidən xalkolit (eneolit) dövrünə aid material aşkar edilib. Erkən Tunc dövrünə aid Kür-Araz mədəniyyəti barədə məlumat Soyuqbulaq və Tovuzçayda aparılmış arxeoloji qazıntilar zamanı tapılmış məzarlıqlarda yer almışdır. Son Tunc dövrü, erkən Dəmir dövrünün Xocalı-Gədəbəy mədəniyyəti barədə məlumatlar II Tovuzçayda tapılmış qəbiristanlıq və Borsunlu düşərgəsindəki kurqanlarda yetərincə öz əksini tapıb. Yevlax ərazisində Əmirarx, Bəyimsarov, Səmədabad və Yaldilidə antik dövrə aid küp qəbiristanlıqları aşkar edilib. Əmirarx, Faxralı, Lək və Hacıalılıda orta əsr yaşayış məskənlərində qazıntı işləri aparılıb. Layihə çərçivəsində əsas arxeoloji tapıntı orta əsrlərə aid Kərpiclitəpədə aşkar olunmuş qaladır. Bu, düzbucaqlı bir quruluşa malik, hər küncündə qüllələri olan, çox güman ki, monqol istilası zamanı dağıdılan yaşayış məntəqəsinin qalıqlarıdır.
Bu hesabat qazıntıların qısa xülasəsi verilməklə layihəyə giriş kimi tərtib edilib. Hesabatda hər bir abidəyə aid ətraflı məlumatı BTC/CQBK layihəsinin hesabatına oxşar formada ADS veb-saytındakı arxivə keçidlər vasitəsilə əldə etmək olar.
Beləliklə, oxucu müxtəlif layihələr çərçivəsində bu ərazidə aparılmış arxeoloji qazıntilarla əlaqədar ətraflı radiokarbon analizləri və digər tədqiqat işləri ilə birlikdə hər bir abidəyə aid bütün məlumatları əldə edə bilər. Ümumilikdə, üç layihə çərçivəsində aparılmış işlər Azərbaycanın şimal-qərbinin çox geniş əhatəli erkən tarixinin bir hissəsini araşdırmaq imkanı verir.
Corresponding author: David Maynard
dave.maynard10@gmail.com
Landsker Archaeology Ltd
Co-authors: Qoşqar Qoşqarli
Nəcəf Müseybli
Şamil Nəcəfov
Vaqif Əsədov
Anar Agalarzadə
Dmitriy Kiriçenko
Müzəffər Hüseynov
Azad Zeynalov
Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, Archaeology and Ethnography Institute
Figure 1: BTC/SCP (red) and SCPX (blue) projects, archaeological sites on pipeline route. Image credit: David Maynard and project team
Figure 2: Əmirarx Antique cemetery site plan. Image credit: David Maynard and project team
Figure 3: Əmirarx medieval settlement site plan. Image credit: David Maynard and project team
Figure 4: Bəyimsarov Antique cemetery site plan. Image credit: David Maynard and project team
Figure 5: Səmədabad I Antique cemetery site plan. Image credit: David Maynard and project team
Figure 6: Səmədabad 2 Antique cemetery site plan. Image credit: David Maynard and project team
Figure 7: Səmədabad II Grave 11 female anthropomorphic clay figure. Image credit: Dmitriy Kiriçenko
Figure 8: Yaldili Antique cemetery site plan. Image credit: David Maynard and project team
Figure 9: Yaldili Grave 14. Image credit: David Maynard and project team
Figure 10: Kərpiclitəpə interpretative site plan. Image credit: David Maynard and project team
Figure 11: Kərpiclitəpə aerial view of site, 2018. View to east. Image credit: BP
Figure 12: Kərpiclitəpə north-west tower in foreground, 2017. View to south. Image credit: David Maynard and project team
Figure 13: Kərpiclitəpə kiln as excavated. View to south-west. Image credit: David Maynard and project team
Figure 14: Kərpiclitəpə decorated bone object. Image credit: David Maynard and project team
Figure 15: Kərpiclitəpə woven fabric in coin hoard corrosion product. Image credit: David Maynard and project team
Figure 16: Borsunlu Camp site plan. Image credit: David Maynard and project team
Figure 17: Borsunlu Camp details of kurgans. Image credit: David Maynard and project team
Figure 18: Borsunlu Camp Kurgan 4. View to east. Image credit: David Maynard and project team
Figure 19: Borsunlu Camp Kurgan 8. View to south. Image credit: David Maynard and project team
Figure 20: Faxrali site plan. Image credit: David Maynard and project team
Figure 21: Lək I site plan. Image credit: David Maynard and project team
Figure 22: Lək II site plan. Image credit: David Maynard and project team
Figure 23: Hacialili II site plan. Image credit: David Maynard and project team
Figure 24: Hacialili I site plan. Image credit: David Maynard and project team
Figure 25: Hacialili III site plan. Image credit: David Maynard and project team
Figure 26: Seyidlər II site plan. Image credit: David Maynard and project team
Figure 27: Seyidlər all excavated areas. Image credit: David Maynard and project team
Figure 28: Seyidlər II site plan. Image credit: David Maynard and project team
Figure 29: Qaracəmirli site plan. Image credit: David Maynard and project team
Figure 30: Keçili site plan. Image credit: David Maynard and project team
Figure 31: Keçili. View to south. Image credit: Dmitriy Kiriçenko
Figure 32: Daşbulaq site plan. Image credit: David Maynard and project team
Figure 33: Dəllər Cəyir site plan. Image credit: David Maynard and project team
Figure 34: Dəllər Cəyir Kurgan 1. View to east. Image credit: David Maynard and project team
Figure 35: Zəyəmçay settlement site plan. Image credit: David Maynard and project team
Figure 36: Zəyəmçay necropolis site plan. Image credit: David Maynard and project team
Figure 37: Zəyəmçay medieval cemetery and Kurgan 1 site plan. Image credit: David Maynard and project team
Figure 38: Zəyəmçay Grave 27 possible grave marker. Image credit: David Maynard and project team
Figure 39: Zəyəmçay Kurgan II site plan. Image credit: David Maynard and project team
Figure 40: Zəyəmçay Kurgan II. View to north. Image credit: Dmitriy Kiriçenko
Figure 41: Zəyəmçay Kurgans III and IV site plan. Image credit: David Maynard and project team
Figure 42: Zəyəmçay Kurgan III plan of stone cover. Image credit: David Maynard and project team
Figure 43: Zəyəmçay Kurgan III vertical photograph. Image credit: David Maynard and project team
Figure 44: Zəyəmçay Kurgans V and VI site plan. Image credit: David Maynard and project team
Figure 45: Ağılı Dərə site plan. Image credit: David Maynard and project team
Figure 46: Xocaxan Chalcolithic settlement site plan. Image credit: David Maynard and project team
Figure 47: Tovuzçay II site plan. Image credit: David Maynard and project team
Figure 48: Həsənsu Antique settlement site plan. Image credit: David Maynard and project team
Figure 49: Qıraq Kəsəmən II site plan. Image credit: David Maynard and project team
Figure 50: Poylu II site plan. Image credit: David Maynard and project team
Figure 51: Poylu II calibrated radiocarbon dates. Image credit: David Maynard and project team
Figure 52: Poylu I site plan. Image credit: David Maynard and project team
Figure 53: Ağstafa Camp site plan. Image credit: David Maynard and project team
Figure 54: Ağstafa Camp Excavation Areas 1 and 2. Image credit: David Maynard and project team
Figure 55: Poylu III site plan. Image credit: David Maynard and project team
Figure 56: Soyuqbulaq I site plan. Image credit: David Maynard and project team
Figure 57: Böyük Kəsik site plan. Image credit: David Maynard and project team
Table 1: Correlation between BTC/SCP and SCPX sites. Coordinates in Gauss-Kruger Zone 8 Pulkovo 1942.
Table 2: Yaldili cemetery features
Table 3: Faxrali cemetery details
Table 4: Seyidlər II grave details
Table 5: Seyidlər jar grave details
Table 6: Zəyəmçay grave details
Table 7: Zəyəmçay Kurgan V details
Table 8: Ağılıdərə details of graves
Table 9: Tovuzçay II details of graves
Table 10: Poylu II excavated features
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