Internet Archaeology 11. Steptoe and Wood

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List of Figures

Map 1: Map of Australia showing location of the wreck of the Pandora

Figure 1: Queensland Museum Divers slowly ascending from an excavation session. Image used courtesy of the Queensland Museum
Figure 2: Photograph of a model of the Pandora - demonstrating "Pandora's Box" on the aft quarter deck.
Figure 3: Bronwyn Searle's depiction of the captured Bounty mutineers inside "Pandora's Box". Image used courtesy of the Queensland Museum
Figure 4: Image of Hamilton's diary. Image used courtesy of the Queensland Museum
Figure 5: Original painting by Bronwyn Searle depicts HMS Pandora manoeuvring to take on board one of its boats shortly before running aground on the Great Barrier Reef in 1791. Image used courtesy of the Queensland Museum
Figure 6: The excavation vessel Pacific Conquest anchored over the wreck site. Image used courtesy of the Queensland Museum
Figure 7: Divers nearby one of the Pandora's anchors. Image used courtesy of the Queensland Museum
Figure 8: Queensland Museum Divers recovering artefacts from the wreck site. Image used courtesy of the Queensland Museum
Figure 9: Artefacts recovered from the wreck.
Figure 10: Artefacts recovered from the wreck.
Figure 11: Surgeon Hamilton's fob watch.
Figure 12: Photograph of the monument containing the 1986 skeletal material, placed at the wreck site in 1993. Image used courtesy of the Queensland Museum
Figure 13: Photograph of the monument containing the 1986 skeletal material being placed at the wreck site in 1993. Image used courtesy of the Queensland Museum
Figure 14: Photograph taken by Wood & Hodgson (1996) showing the skeletal material recovered during the 1986 recovery expedition to the wreck site. Used with permission from W.Wood
Figure 15: The Museum of Tropical Queensland (Home of the Pandora) is popularly called the 'Pandora Museum'. It is the official repository of all material from the Pandora wrecksite.
Figure 16: Skeletal material.
Figure 17: Photograph showing evidence of antemortem dental plaque.
Figure 18: Photograph showing the outlay (arranged into separate skeletons) of approximately 70% of the skeletal material recovered. From top to bottom: Dick, Tom and Harry.
Figure 19: Non-human femur recovered from the wreck.
Figure 20: Photograph showing the right first ribs belonging to each of the three individuals.
Figure 21: X-Ray taken of various vertebrae.
Figure 22: X-Ray of selected ulnae.
Figure 23: X-Ray of selected humerus.
Figure 24: X-Ray showing compact bone comprising the mid-shaft of a humerus.
Figure 25: Model demonstrating some of the grids used to systematically excavate the wreck site.
Figure 26: Photograph showing left and right radius belonging to Tom.
Figure 27: Superior view of a molar tooth. Note the exposure of the pulp cavities.
Figure 28: Dorsal surface of the 3rd and 4th sacral segments - note that it is incompletely fused.
Figure 29: Photograph showing unfused neural arch on the posterior surface of the 1st sacral segment (indicative of spina bifida occulta).
Figure 30: X-Ray of the inferior region of Harry's skull.
Figure 31: Possible perimortem fractured pattern on an unidentified bone.
Figure 32: Close-up photograph showing localised surface porosity on one of the upper limb bones recovered. This may have resulted from antemortem disease processes rather than taphonomic processes.
Figure 33: Close-up photograph showing taphonomic effects on one of the tibia recovered.
Figure 34: Close-up photograph showing repeated surface markings originating from unknown marine scavengers.
Figure 35: Close-up photograph showing parallel surface markings likely originating from the central incisors (or beak) unknown marine scavengers.
Figure 36: Close-up photograph showing the presence of marine colonisation.
Figure 37: Close-up photograph showing a bryozoan colony on one of the tibia recovered. Note the open opercula.
Figure 38: Lateral view of the right maxillary fragment belonging to Tom.
Figure 39: X-Ray of the proximal portion of a humerus. Note the infiltration of sand and reef debris.
Figure 40: X-Ray of the proximal portion of a tibia. Note the infiltration of sand and reef debris.
Figure 41: Close-up photograph showing surface flaking and consequent taphonomic degradation of the mid-shaft surface of one of the ulna recovered.
Figure 42: Photograph of a right calcaneus - note the degree of degradation.
Figure 43: Photograph showing two right scapulae. Note the degradation of the thin bone plate of the infra-spinous region.
Figure 44: Scapular bony fragment.
Figure 45: X-Ray of tibia (center) and two fibula. Note the degradation of the proximal and distal portions of each.
Figure 46: Photograph showing dental wearing on a molar tooth belonging to the mandible of Tom.
Figure 47: Photograph showing the reconstructed skull fragments belonging to Tom.
Figure 48: Chart showing recovered and identifiable remains belonging to Tom.
Figure 49: Chart showing recovered and identifiable remains belonging to Dick. Blue indicates material recovered during the 1986 expedition. Note that there is no overlap between skeletal remains recovered during 1986 and subsequent years. This strongly indicates that the remains are from the same individual.
Figure 50: Chart showing recovered and identifiable remains belonging to Harry.

Images listed on skeletal charts only

Figure 51: Photograph showing staining on the 2nd premolar and 1st molar on the right maxillary fragment belonging to Tom.
Figure 52: Photograph comparing part of the left hip bone belonging to Tom to a typical female hip bone (right side).
Figure 53: Photograph comparing the superior surface of the 1st sacral segment belonging to Tom to a typical female sacrum (left side).
Figure 54: Photograph of a separated epiphysis of the head of the left humerus belonging to Tom.
Figure 55: Photograph showing the auricular surface of the sacro-illiac joint on the right hip bone identified as belonging to Tom.
Figure 56: Photograph showing part of the reconstructed cranial fragments (frontal bone) belonging to Tom.
Figure 57: Pelvic surface of the 3rd and 4th sacral fragments belonging to Tom. Note that they are incompletely fused.
Figure 58: Right side dentition of Tom's mandible showing an impacted 3rd molar tooth.
Figure 59: Photograph showing evidence of antemortem dental plaque on the dentition of Tom's mandible.
Figure 60: Photograph showing evidence of antemortem dental plaque on the dentition of Tom's mandible.
Figure 61: Photograph of the 38 tooth belonging to Tom. Note the absence of any obvious dental (dietary or occlusal) wearing.
Figure 62: X-Ray showing some of the reconstructed portions of Tom's frontal bone.
Figure 63: Molar tooth belonging from the mandible belonging to Dick.
Figure 64: Dick's mandible.
Figure 65: Dick's mandible.
Figure 66: 2nd cervical vertebrae belonging to Dick.
Figure 67: Harry's skull and mandible immediately after being duplicated by stereo lithography. This skull was reconstructed by a series of over 750 horizontal slices of the original skull scanned by a CT.
Figure 68: Harry's reconstructed skull.
Figure 69: Harry's mandible.
Figure 70: Photograph showing teeth belonging to Harry's skull.
Figure 71: Superior view of a fragment of the first sacral segment.
Figure 72: Photograph of the right maxillary dentition of Harry. Note the exceptional condition of the teeth
Figure 73: Photograph showing advanced dental infection of the 37 tooth of Harry's mandible.
Figure 74: Medial view of the infection of the 37 tooth belonging to Harry's mandible. Note the development of a bony abscess.
Figure 75: Superior view of the right mandibular dentition belonging to Harry.
Figure 76: Right side mandibular dentition belonging to Harry.
Figure 77: Photograph of the left side of Harry's mandible showing evidence of periodontitis and antemortem plaque.
Figure 78: Lateral X-Ray of Harry's skull.

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