List of Illustrations

Map of northern Britain showing the principal sites examined
Date of the samples collected
Types of sites from which samples were taken
Categories of objects sampled
Histogram showing the lead composition of Roman statues (Craddock 1975: 159, fig 2)
Scatter plot showing the correlation between zinc and tin in Roman alloys (Craddock 1975: 222, fig 5)
Ternary diagram showing the composition of Dolphin brooches (Bayley 1992: fig 10.19)
3-D surface plot of zinc and tin contents of Roman alloys (unsmoothed)
3-D surface plot of zinc and tin contents of Roman alloys (smoothed)
2-D chart of zinc and tin contents, showing the boundaries of the four alloy types
X-ray spectrum produced using EDXRF
Changes in analysed composition as corrosion products are removed
Relationship between zinc content and measured cps for standards
Variance of lead determinations for the standards
Error estimate for zinc
Tin content of Iron Age copper alloys
Tin content of cast copper alloys
Tin content of wrought copper alloys
Lead content of Iron Age copper alloys
Zinc content of Iron Age copper alloys
Arsenic content of Iron Age copper alloys
Iron content of Iron Age copper alloys
Iron content of Roman copper alloys
Cobalt content of Iron Age copper alloys
Nickel content of Iron Age copper alloys
Plot of zinc and tin content of 'Celtic' metalwork
Barchart showing the different alloys used for 'Celtic' metalwork
Plot of zinc and tin content of 'Celtic' swords
Melsonby Hoard: plot of zinc and tin content
Melsonby Hoard: enlarged plot of zinc and tin content
Distribution of Zinc contents in all Roman alloys
Distribution of Tin in all Roman alloys
Distribution of Lead in all Roman alloys
Smoothed 3-D surface chart showing the zinc and tin contents of Roman copper alloys
Boundaries for the alloy types defined from Figure 6.4
Barchart showing the proportions of Roman alloy types
Zinc and tin contents for unleaded Roman alloys
Zinc and tin contents for leaded Roman alloys
Barcharts showing leaded and unleaded alloy compositions
Distribution of Iron in all Roman alloys
Scatter chart showing zinc and iron contents of Roman alloys
Distribution of Nickel in all Roman alloys
Distribution of Arsenic in all Roman alloys
Alloys used for different categories of artefact
Principal brooch types: Nauheim Derivative (XRFID 1230)
Principal brooch types: Colchester A (XRFID 1010)
Principal brooch types: Dolphin (XRFID 1605)
Principal brooch types: Trumpet loose headloop (XRFID 1234)
Principal brooch types: Fantail, fixed headloop (XRFID 1635)
Principal brooch types: Headstud, fixed headloop (XRFID 1766)
Principal brooch types: Dragonesque (XRFID 1392)
Principal brooch types: Penannular, type A2 (XRFID 1505)
Lead and zinc content of Trumpet brooches
Zinc and lead content of Headstud brooches
Zinc and tin content of Dragonesque brooches
Three categories of ligulae analysed in this paper: Long Handle, Small Bowl
Elongated Bowl
Short Handle, Small Bowl
Alloys used for ligulae
Tin content of Roman mirrors and other objects (with tin 15% and over)
Zinc content of Roman Brass coins
Zinc content of Roman Brass coins (mean values for each reign)
Function matched to observed zinc decline
Theoretical zinc decline in recycled brasses
Median values for zinc, tin and lead for each of the first four centuries AD
Chronological changes in the proportions of Roman alloys
Chronological changes in the provenance of samples
Alloys used on a range of Roman sites in northern Britain
Alloys used in indigenous contexts
Dating of samples from a range of different sites
Proportions of alloys used in Roman forts
Proportions of alloys used in Roman vici
Alloys used in Roman towns
Comparison of the alloys used at Brougham with those from other 3rd century sites
Alloys used on larger rural sites
Alloys used on villa sites
The categories of objects analysed from different sites in northern Britain