Grave Goods in Early Medieval Europe: regional variability and decline

• 1. Introduction
  • 1.1 Furnished inhumation in the 5th and 6th centuries CE
  • 1.2 Seventh-century burial
• 2. Materials and Methods
• 3. Funerary Variability Across Europe
  • 3.1 Overall levels of furnishing
  • 3.2 Types of grave goods
  • 3.3 Discussion
• 4. Changing Patterns of Cemetery Use
• 5. Changing Grave Good Use Over Time
  • 5.1 Overall levels of furnishing
  • 5.2 Types of grave goods
• 6. Discussion
• 7. Conclusions
• Acknowledgements

Figure 1: Sites used in this study (interactive map)

Figure 2: Creating relative KDEs and hot spot analyses in ArcGIS

Figure 3: The regions used for analysis

Figure 4: Relative kernel density map of grave good use in the 6th century, showing high concentrations over Alamannia and eastern England, and low concentrations over western Frankia and Burgundy

Figure 5: Violin and jitter plots showing the distribution of grave good use in Anglian cemeteries in use during the 6th century. Burgh Castle, Caister-on-Sea, and Staunch Meadows excluded

Figure 6: Violin and jitter plots showing grave good use in northern Alamannian cemeteries in use during the 6th century

Figure 7: Violin and jitter plots showing the distribution of grave good use within southern Alamannian cemeteries in use during the 6th century. Mels excluded

Figure 8: Violin and jitter plots showing grave good use within Bavaria in use during the 6th century

Figure 9: The 6th-century cemeteries of southern Alamannia and Bavaria. Size of dot is proportional to the average number of grave goods per cemetery

Figure 10: Violin and jitter plots showing grave good use in western Frankish cemeteries in use during the 6th century.

Figure 11: Violin and jitter plots showing the distribution of grave good use in Burgundian cemeteries in use during the 6th century.

Figure 12: Violin and jitter plots showing grave good use within cemeteries in Kent in use during the 6th century

Figure 13: Cemeteries in Kent. The relative size of the dot is proportional to the average number of grave goods per cemetery

Figure 14: Violin and jitter plots showing grave good use within Lower Rhine cemeteries in use during the 6th century

Figure 15: Violin and jitter plots showing grave good use within cemeteries in the Low Countries in use during the 6th century

Figure 16: Violin and jitter plots showing grave good use within cemeteries in eastern Frankia in use during the 6th century

Figure 17: Cemeteries in the Lower Rhine and Low Countries. Relative size of dot is proportional to the average number of grave goods per cemetery

Figure 18: Violin and jitter plots showing the distribution of grave good use in cemeteries in the Saxon regions of England in use during the 6th century. Beckery Chapel excluded

Figure 19: Relative kernel density map of commonly used grave good use in 500 CE, showing a similar distribution to overall numbers

Figure 20: Violin and jitter plots showing the variation in use of dress accessories

Figure 21: Violin and jitter plots showing the variation in use of personal accessories

Figure 22: Violin and jitter plots showing the variation in use of jewellery

Figure 23: Violin and jitter plots showing the variation in use of fittings

Figure 24: Relative kernel density map of less commonly used grave goods in 500 CE, showing a different distribution to overall numbers

Figure 25: Violin and jitter plots showing the variation in use of cosmetics. Burgundy excluded

Figure 26: Violin and jitter plots showing the variation in use of animal remains. Burgundy and the Low Countries excluded

Figure 27: Violin and jitter plots showing the variation in use of tools

Figure 28: Violin and jitter plots showing the variation in use of amulets.

Figure 29: Relative kernel density map of vessel use in 500 CE, showing concentrations of high vessel use across western Frankia and the Lower Rhine

Figure 30: Violin and jitter plots showing the variation in use of vessels

Figure 31: Kernel density maps for weapons at the start of the 6th century

Figure 32: Violin and jitter plots showing the variation in the use of weapons

Figure 33: The lifespans of cemeteries in northern Alamannia. Number of graves in brackets

Figure 34: The lifespans of cemeteries in southern Alamannia. Number of graves in brackets

Figure 35: The lifespans of cemeteries in Bavaria. Number of graves in brackets

Figure 36: The lifespans of cemeteries in Burgundy. Number of graves in brackets

Figure 37: The lifespans of cemeteries in western Frankia. Number of graves in brackets

Figure 38: The lifespans of cemeteries in the Lower Rhine region. Number of graves in brackets

Figure 39: The lifespans of cemeteries in the Low Countries region. Number of graves in brackets

Figure 40: The lifespans of cemeteries in eastern Frankia. Number of graves in brackets

Figure 41: The lifespans of cemeteries in Kent. Number of graves in brackets

Figure 42: The lifespans of cemeteries in Anglian regions of England. Number of graves in brackets

Figure 43: The lifespans of cemeteries in Saxon regions of England. Number of graves in brackets

Figure 44: Trends in numbers of objects and unfurnished burials in northern Alamannia. Polynomial trendlines order 3

Figure 45: Trends in numbers of objects and unfurnished burials in southern Alamannia. Polynomial trendlines order 3

Figure 46: Trends in numbers of objects and unfurnished burials in Bavaria. Polynomial trendline order 3 for numbers of objects, order 2 for unfurnished graves

Figure 47: Trends in numbers of objects and unfurnished burials in Anglian regions. Polynomial trendlines, order 2

Figure 48: Trends in numbers of objects and unfurnished burials in Saxon regions. Polynomial trendline order 2

Figure 49: Trends in numbers of objects and unfurnished burials in Burgundy. Polynomial trendline order 3 for the mean number of objects, order 2 for unfurnished graves

Figure 50: Trends in numbers of objects and unfurnished burials in the Lower Rhine. Polynomial trendlines order 2

Figure 51: Trends in numbers of objects and unfurnished burials in eastern Frankia. Polynomial trendlines order 2

Figure 52: Trends in numbers of objects and unfurnished burials in western Frankia. Polynomial trendlines, order 2 for mean number of objects, order 3 for unfurnished graves

Figure 53: Trends in numbers of objects and unfurnished burials in Kent. Polynomial trendlines order 2

Figure 54: Trends in numbers of objects and unfurnished burials in the Low Countries. Polynomial trendlines order 2

Figure 55: Changes in different types of grave goods in northern Alamannia

Figure 56: Changes in different types of grave goods in southern Alamannia

Figure 57: Changes in different types of grave goods in Anglian regions

Figure 58: Changes in different types of grave goods in Saxon regions of England

Figure 59: Changes in different types of grave goods in Bavaria

Figure 60: Changes in different types of grave goods in the Lower Rhine

Figure 61: Changes in different types of grave goods in eastern Frankia

Figure 62: Changes in different types of grave goods in Burgundy

Figure 63: Changes in different types of grave goods in Kent

Figure 64: Changes in different types of grave goods in western Frankia

Figure 65: Changes in different types of grave goods in the Low Countries

Table 1: Categories of grave goods

Table 2: Results of Spearman's rho and Kendall's tau-b for the correlation of number of grave goods and unfurnished burials with the date a cemetery went out of use in northern Alamannia. Statistically significant trends highlighted in yellow

Table 3: Results of Spearman's rho and Kendall's tau-b for the correlation of number of grave goods and unfurnished burials with the date a cemetery went out of use in southern Alamannia. Statistically significant trends highlighted in yellow

Table 4: Results of Spearman's rho and Kendall's tau-b for the correlation of number of grave goods and unfurnished burials with the date a cemetery went out of use in Bavaria. Statistically significant trends highlighted in yellow

Table 5: Results of Spearman's rho and Kendall's tau-b for the correlation of number of grave goods and unfurnished burials with the date a cemetery went out of use in Anglian regions of England. Statistically significant trends highlighted in yellow

Table 6: Results of Spearman's rho and Kendall's tau-b for the correlation of number of grave goods and unfurnished burials with the date a cemetery went out of use in Saxon regions of England. Statistically significant trends highlighted in yellow

Table 7: Results of Spearman's rho and Kendall's tau-b for the correlation of number of grave goods and unfurnished burials with the date a cemetery went out of use in Burgundy. Statistically significant trends highlighted in yellow

Table 8: Results of Spearman's rho and Kendall's tau-b for the correlation of number of grave goods and unfurnished burials with the date a cemetery went out of use in the Lower Rhine. Statistically significant trends highlighted in yellow

Table 9: Results of Spearman's rho and Kendall's tau-b for the correlation of number of grave goods and unfurnished burials with the date a cemetery went out of use in eastern Frankia. Statistically significant trends highlighted in yellow

Table 10: Results of Spearman's rho and Kendall's tau-b for the correlation of number of grave goods and unfurnished burials with the date a cemetery went out of use in western Frankia. Statistically significant trends highlighted in yellow

Table 11: Results of Spearman's rho and Kendall's tau-b for the correlation of number of grave goods and unfurnished burials with the date a cemetery went out of use in Kent. No statistically significant trends found.

Table 12: Results of Spearman's rho and Kendall's tau-b for the correlation of number of grave goods and unfurnished burials with the date a cemetery went out of use in the Low Countries. No statistically significant trends found.

Table 13: Results of Kendall's tau-b for the correlation of presence/absence of object types in graves, with the date a cemetery went out of use in northern Alamannia. Statistically significant trends highlighted in yellow

Table 14: Results of Kendall's tau-b for the correlation of presence/absence of object types in graves, with the date a cemetery went out of use in southern Alamannia. Statistically significant trends highlighted in yellow

Table 15: Results of Kendall's tau-b for the correlation of presence/absence of object types in graves, with the date a cemetery went out of use in Anglian regions. Statistically significant trends highlighted in yellow

Table 16: Results of Kendall's tau-b for the correlation of presence/absence of object types in graves, with the date a cemetery went out of use in Saxon regions of England. Statistically significant trends highlighted in yellow

Table 17: Results of Kendall's tau-b for the correlation of presence/absence of object types in graves, with the date a cemetery went out of use in Bavaria. Statistically significant trends highlighted in yellow

Table 18: Results of Kendall's tau-b for the correlation of presence/absence of object types in graves, with the date a cemetery went out of use in the Lower Rhine. Statistically significant trends highlighted in yellow

Table 19: Results of Kendall's tau-b for the correlation of presence/absence of object types in graves, with the date a cemetery went out of use in eastern Frankia. Statistically significant trends highlighted in yellow

Table 20: Results of Kendall's tau-b for the correlation of presence/absence of object types in graves, with the date a cemetery went out of use in Burgundy. Statistically significant trends highlighted in yellow

Table 21: Results of Kendall's tau-b for the correlation of presence/absence of object types in graves, with the date a cemetery went out of use in Kent. Statistically significant trends highlighted in yellow

Table 22: Results of Kendall's tau-b for the correlation of presence/absence of object types in graves, with the date a cemetery went out of use in western Frankia. Statistically significant trends highlighted in yellow

Table 23: Results of Kendall's tau-b for the correlation of presence/absence of object types in graves, with the date a cemetery went out of use in the Low Countries. Statistically significant trends highlighted in yellow

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