Cite this as: Adams, S., Craddock, P., Hook, D., La Niece, S., Meeks, N., O'Flynn, D. and Perucchetti, L. 2024 The Pulborough Gold Torc: a 4th to 3rd century BCE artefact of European significance, Internet Archaeology 67. https://doi.org/10.11141/ia.67.16
Two fragments of a decorated buffer terminal torc were found in 2019 near Pulborough, West Sussex (UK). The simplicity of the design belies the complexity of the construction of this hollow, gold alloy neck-ring. The overall shape is that of 4th to 3rd century BCE buffer terminal torcs found in western Europe, particularly France, Germany and Belgium. The terminal and neck-ring are decorated with filigree made from block-twisted wire soldered to the surface of the sheet metal parts. Filigree ornament is unusual in this shape of torc but is known from other varieties of torc and contemporary gold objects found in Continental Europe. The location of this find, towards the south coast of England along ancient routes of Atlantic and cross-channel contact and trade, is intriguing given the disparate influences seen in the design. This is not the first buffer terminal torc discovered in England; its discovery is preceded by both gold and copper-alloy versions, but it stands out for its individual style and decorative effect. After its discovery and reporting to the Portable Antiquities Scheme, the torc was subject to analysis and examination, confirming it qualified as Treasure under the stipulations of the Treasure Act 1996. The Sussex Archaeological Society acquired the torc in 2023 for the Barbican House Museum, Lewes, Sussex. Further detailed technical examination of the torc was carried out on their behalf at the British Museum and is described here.
Corresponding author: Sophia Adams
sadams@britishmuseum.org
British Museum
Figure 1.1: The Pulborough torc (LEWSA 223.367). Photo: S. Adams. CC BY-NC-SA 4.0
Figure 1.2: Torc and bracelet hoard found in 2016 at Leekfrith, Staffordshire, England, PAS ID: WMID-FD08D9. Diameter of torc 146mm. Birmingham Museums Trust, CC BY 2.0.
Figure 2.1: Illustration of the Pulborough Torc showing details of the decoration. Drawing Craig Williams ©The Trustees of the British Museum.
Figure 2.2: Detail of the filigree decoration on the terminal and neck-ring from Part A. Photo ©The Trustees of the British Museum. CC BY-NC-SA 4.0.
Figure 3.1: Part A (left of the break) and Part B (right). Photo ©The Trustees of the British Museum. CC BY-NC-SA 4.0.
Figure 3.2: Buffer terminal torc fragment from Caistor, Lincolnshire, England, found in 2013. Two views of the same fragment. PAS ID: NLM-605352. North Lincolnshire Museum. CC BY-SA 4.0.
Figure 4.1: Location of three points analysed via X-ray fluorescence (the bright dot within each red square indicates the location of the target points). Photo ©The Trustees of the British Museum. CC BY-NC-SA 4.0.
Figure 4.2: Hoard of gold torcs from Blair Drummond, Stirling, Scotland, found in 2009. NMS X.2011.6.1-4. Diameter of loop-terminal torc 150mm. Image ©National Museums Scotland
Figure 5.1: The torc showing the seam along the inner edge and location of features described in the text. Photo ©The Trustees of the British Museum. CC BY-NC-SA 4.0
Figure 5.2 (a, b, c, d): Details of the soldered and split seam of the neck-ring tube, Part A. Microscope and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) Imagery. Photos ©The Trustees of the British Museum
Figure 5.3: Thickness of the sheet of the neck-ring tube recorded along the split seam. Digital microscope. Photo ©The Trustees of the British Museum image.
Figure 5.4: Torc from the hoard found in 1861 in Knock, Ardnaglug, Co. Roscommon, Ireland (Ireland 1992). NMI W.290. Internal Diameter 129mm. ©National Museum of Ireland.
Figure 6.1: Junction of neck-ring and terminal with collar and false beading. Photo ©The Trustees of the British Museum. CC BY-NC-SA 4.0
Figure 6.2 (a, b): Details of the false beading and collar. Digital microscope images. Photos ©The Trustees of the British Museum
Figure 6.3 (a, b): SEM images of the false beading. Photos ©The Trustees of the British Museum
Figure 7.1: Radiograph of the two fragments of the Pulborough torc. Photo D. O'Flynn ©The Trustees of the British Museum. CC BY-NC-SA 4.0
Figure 7.2 (a, b, c): Details of the internal segmented tube supporting the collar joint. Photo D. O'Flynn ©The Trustees of the British Museum. CC BY-NC-SA 4.0
Figure 7.3: Expanded diagram of the components of the terminal. Illustration by Craig Williams ©The Trustees of the British Museum.
Figure 8.1: Seam on the side of the terminal. Photo S. Adams.
Figure 8.2 (a, b, c): Details of the prominent overlapping soldered seam on the terminal. Digital microscope images. Photos ©The Trustees of the British Museum
Figure 9.1 (a, b): Concave disc plate at the end of the terminal. Photo: S. Adams.
Figure 9.2 (a, b): Rough surface of the terminals disc and detail of the central hole. Digital microscope images. Photos ©The Trustees of the British Museum
Figure 9.3 (a, b, c, d): Texture of the surface of the end disc plate (a and b) including details of polishing and cracking (c and d). Digital microscope images. Photo ©The Trustees of the British Museum
Figure 9.4a: Gold torc and arm rings found in 1869 in a richly furnished burial at Waldalgesheim, Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany. LVR-LandesMuseum, Bonn, No. A785. Diameter of torc 211mm. Photo ©Barbara Armbruster. Figure 9.4b: Detail of the terminal of one of the Waldalgesheim arm rings showing the central perforation for gas release. LVR-LandesMuseum, Bonn, No. A785. Photo ©Barbara Armbruster.
Figure 10.1a: Filigree decoration on Part A. Photo S. Adams. Figure 10.1b: Filigree decoration on Part B. Photo S. Adams.
Figure 10.2 (a, b, c, d): Details of the wire soldered to the tube and terminal. Digital microscope images. Photos ©The Trustees of the British Museum
Figure 10.3 (a, b, c, d, e, f): Digital microscope and SEM images showing closely spaced and wide diagonal grooves indicating block twist wire with a solid core. Photos ©The Trustees of the British Museum
Figure 11.1 (a, b): Solder between the wires and sheet exhibiting a characteristic dendritic texture. Digital microscope images. Photos ©The Trustees of the British Museum
Figure 11.2 (a, b): Excess solder appearing as rounded stray particles and clusters on the terminal sheet with the appearance of semi-molten filings of solder. Digital microscope images. Photos ©The Trustees of the British Museum
Figure 12.1: Detail of worn and abraded wire around the edge of the buffer terminal and end disc. Photo ©The Trustees of the British Museum. CC BY-NC-SA 4.0
Figure 12.2 (a, b, c, d): Extreme use-wear on the decorative wire on the terminal has worn the round wire flat. Digital microscope and SEM images. Photos ©The Trustees of the British Museum
Figure 13.1 (a, b, c, d): Older break at end of Part B. Digital microscope images. Photos ©The Trustees of the British Museum
Figure 14.1 (a, b, c, d): Scratches ancient and modern and stress fractures. Digital microscope images. Photos ©The Trustees of the British Museum
Figure 14.2 (a, b, c, d, e): Fatigue cracks parallel with edge on Part B and deformed point at the break. Digital microscope and SEM images. Photos ©The Trustees of the British Museum
Figure 14.3 (a, b, c, d): Fatigue breaks and opened seam in tubular sheet on Part A and soil stuck in seam. SEM and digital microscope images. Photos ©The Trustees of the British Museum
Figure 15.1: Part A with split seam and soil stuck inside part of the split. Photo ©The Trustees of the British Museum. CC BY-NC-SA 4.0
Figure 15.2 (a, b): Soil trapped under wires and in protected areas and inner regions of the split seam. Digital microscope images. Photos ©The Trustees of the British Museum
Figure 15.3 (a, b, c): Modern scrapes inside the tube of Part A (a, b) and Part B (c). Digital microscope images. Photos ©The Trustees of the British Museum
Figure 15.4 (a, b, c, d): Old scratches and pits in gold surfaces and organic, red-coloured deposit on the surface of the gold. Digital microscope images. Photos ©The Trustees of the British Museum
Figure 16.1 (a, b): Recent heavy surface scrapes and damage to the wire decoration on Part A (16.1a-b). (See also Figure 15.2a for Part B). Microscope and SEM images. Photos ©The Trustees of the British Museum
Figure 16.2 (a, b, c): Modern tool damage exposing the sub-surface metal. Digital microscope images. Photos ©The Trustees of the British Museum
Table 1: XRF results quoted as normalised elemental concentrations in weight per cent (see Figure 4.1 for locations)
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