Cite this as: West, E., Christie, C., Moretti, D, Scholma-Mason, O. and Smith, A. 2024 A Route Well Travelled. The Archaeology of the A14 Huntingdon to Cambridge Road Improvement Scheme, Internet Archaeology 67. https://doi.org/10.11141/ia.67.22
The National Highways A14 Road Improvement Scheme between Cambridge and Huntingdon in Cambridgeshire gave rise to one of the largest commercial archaeological projects ever undertaken in the UK. Excavations over 232ha took place between 2016 and 2022 from the Great Ouse Valley near Huntingdon in the west to the higher clay lands towards Cambridge in the east. They involved a huge collaborative team led by MOLA-Headland Infrastructure and revealed groundbreaking archaeology of all periods, from mammoths to medieval villages. This monograph is intended to act as gateway to the project's findings, synthesizing the results in a series of period-based chapters and linking back to the detailed site and specialist reports and the entire digital archive of the project hosted by the Archaeology Data Service.
Go to Extended Summary
Corresponding author: Emma West
Emma.West@headlandarchaeology.com
Headland Archaeology
Claire Christie
Headland Archaeology
Debora Moretti
University of Hertfordshire
Owain Scholma-Mason
Headland Archaeology
Alex Smith
Alex.Smith@headlandarchaeology.com
Headland Archaeology
Figure 1.1: Introductory video of the A14 excavations (video)
Figure 1.2: Location of A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon Road Improvement Scheme
Figure 1.3: Plan of whole scheme, showing all archaeology
Figure 1.4: Drone photo of Brampton West Landscape Block
Figure 1.5: Photo of some of the A14 archaeological fieldwork team
Figure 1.6: Fly-through of whole A14 scheme showing landscape blocks and TEAs (video)
Figure 1.7: Excavation of prehistoric skeleton on the A14
Figure 1.8: Drone photo of TEA 38, part of Bar Hill Landscape Block
Figure 2.1: Map showing all prehistoric (Mesolithic to Bronze Age) activity across the A14 scheme
Figure 2.2: Mesolithic flint distribution across the A14 (model)
Figure 2.3: Mesolithic sites along the route of the A14 with neighbouring sites noted in the HER
Figure 2.4: Neolithic flint from the A14
Figure 2.5: Neolithic activity at Conington over the Lidar to show the gravel ridge
Figure 2.6: Middle Neolithic Peterborough ware (Mortlake sub-style) from Conington Pit 323677 with bird-bone impressed decoration
Figure 2.7: Pit 765141 at Brampton West with selected sherds of Grooved Ware from the pit illustrated
Figure 2.8: West of Ouse enclosure compared to those at Biddenham Loop
Figure 2.9: Alconbury henge, looking north-west
Figure 2.10: Early Bronze Age at Conington
Figure 2.11: Middle Bronze Age activity at Fenstanton Gravels
Figure 2.11a: South-west facing section of pit 280917
Figure 2.12: Middle Bronze Age activity at Conington
Figure 2.13: Middle Bronze Age Enclosure 9 at Conington
Figure 2.14: Later Bronze Age pit alignments at West of Ouse and Brampton South
Figure 2.15: Map showing the location of prehistoric monuments of the A14
Figure 2.16: Prehistoric monuments of the A14
Figure 2.17: West of Ouse barrow (Monument 2)
Figure 2.18: Photo of West of Ouse barrow, looking east
Figure 2.19: Plan of the timber monument at River Great Ouse
Figure 2.20: Reconstruction drawing of monument at River Great Ouse (by Jon Cane)
Figure 2.21: Brampton West ring-ditch monument (Monument 200)
Figure 2.22: Photo of Brampton west ring-ditch monument (Monument 200)
Figure 2.23: Inhumation burial 12.7 within the ditch of Monument 200
Figure 2.24: Map showing the location of prehistoric burials
Figure 2.25: Cemetery 103 at Brampton West
Figure 2.26: Cremation burials 10.544(a) and 10.530(b)
Figure 2.27: Cemetery 200 at Brampton West
Figure 2.28: CT scan through urn of cremation burial 12.15
Figure 2.29: Amber beads from cremation burial 12.15
Figure 2.30: West of Ouse Cemetery 1
Figure 2.31: Cremation Burial 16.79
Figure 2.32: West of Ouse Cemetery 2
Figure 2.33: (a & b) Photographs of cremation burials from West of Ouse Cemetery 2
Figure 2.34: Map showing distribution of large Bronze Age burial sites (CHER)
Figure 2.35: Fenstanton Gravels Cemetery 3
Figure 2.36: Photogrammetry of inhumation burial 28.41
Figure 2.37: Amber bead from inhumation burial 28.41
Figure 3.1: Plan showing all Iron Age sites along the A14 with settlement labels
Figure 3.2: Chart showing chronological development of A14 early to later Iron Age settlements
Figure 3.3: The wider landscape context of the A14 Iron Age sites
Figure 3.4: Examples of Aylesford-Swarling wares from the A14: 7BC.I.15 Butt beaker (Thompson G5); 7A.I.02 Necked jar with exaggerated neck cordons (Thompson B3); 10.I.04 Carinated bowl, single cordon (Thompson E1-1)
Figure 3.5: Early Iron Age settlement at Conington 3
Figure 3.6: Early Iron Age settlement at Fenstanton Gravels 2
Figure 3.7: Wooden artefacts from Fenstanton Gravels 2: a: Wooden artefacts in situ in Waterhole 29.2 including Y-crotch section of birch (F29034); b: Rope (F29060) c: Notched ladder (F29117); d: Oak stirring paddle (F29109)
Figure 3.8: Iron poker-shovel (F27021) from Fenstanton Gravels TEA 27
Figure 3.9: A14 Iron Age settlement location and soil types
Figure 3.10: Site plans of middle Iron Age Settlements
Figure 3.11: Middle Iron Age settlement at Alconbury
Figure 3.12: Middle Iron Age settlement at Brampton West 1
Figure 3.13: Middle Iron Age settlement at Brampton West 100 and 102
Figure 3.14: Placed deposit within Pit 720642 at Brampton West 100
Figure 3.15: Middle Iron Age settlement at Brampton West 202
Figure 3.16: Middle Iron Age settlements at Brampton South 1 and 2
Figure 3.17: Orthomosaic plan of Brampton South 2
Figure 3.18: Middle Iron Age settlements at Fenstanton Gravels
Figure 3.19: Middle Iron Age settlements at Conington
Figure 3.20: Middle Iron Age settlement development at Bar Hill 5
Figure 3.21: Site plans of late Iron Age Settlements
Figure 3.22: Late Iron Age settlements at Brampton West 1 and Brampton West 2
Figure 3.23: Late Iron Age settlement at Brampton West 102
Figure 3.24: Late Iron Age settlements at West of Ouse and River Great Ouse
Figure 3.25: Late Iron Age settlements Fenstanton Gravels and Conington in their wider context
Figure 3.26: Late Iron Age settlement at Bar Hill 5
Figure 3.27: Middle-late Iron Age settlement organisation at Alconbury
Figure 3.28: Brampton West 1: Drone photos looking south from Enclosure 1
Figure 3.29: Middle Iron Age settlement organisation at Brampton West
Figure 3.30: Late Iron Age settlement organisation at Brampton West
Figure 3.31: Late Iron Age settlement organisation at Fenstanton Gravels
Figure 3.32: Iron Age settlement organisation at Bar Hill
Figure 3.33: (a & b) Fenstanton Gravels bowl from the bottom of Waterhole 29.3
Figure 3.34: Examples of Iron Age structured deposits from the A14: a: horse mandible and vessel from the terminus of Roundhouse 28.431, Fenstanton Gravels 4; b: pottery vessel within pit at the centre of Roundhouse 5.63, Alconbury
Figure 3.35: Brampton West 102 dog burial in Ditch 10.201
Figure 3.36: Examples of Iron Age burials from the A14: A: Cremation burial 28.538, Fenstanton Gravels 4; B: Inhumation burial 28.432, Fenstanton Gravels 4; C: Inhumation 10.152, Brampton West 102; D: Double subadult burial 38.74, Bar Hill 5
Figure 3.37: Comb made from fragment of human skull (F38165), Bar Hill
Figure 3.38: Examples of weaponry from the A14: F52062 Iron spearhead from Alconbury 2; F54026 Copper-alloy sword hilt from Alconbury; F38160 Copper-alloy sword hilt plate from Bar Hill 5
Figure 3.39: Iron Age coins from the A14; F41004 Kentish primary series potin; F38190 Icenian Bury Diadem; F38192 'Broadoak Boars' type; F38179 Gallo-Belgic E gold uniface stater
Figure 3.40: Copper-alloy brooches from Brampton West: F73109 Nauheim brooch; F73293 Type C penannular brooch; F73294 Type C penannular brooch
Figure 4.1: Distribution of Roman activity across the A14 scheme
Figure 4.2: Chronology of A14 Roman settlements
Figure 4.3: The A14 excavation areas in relation to selected local Roman sites
Figure 4.4: Examples of locally produced Gallo-Belgic wares from the A14: 38.R.09 (greyware plate with external moulding from Bar Hill 5), 38.R.10 (greyware plate with external moulding from Bar Hill 5), 38.R.07 (greyware plate with smooth external profile and Internal moulding from Bar Hill 5), 28.R.28 (greyware plate with external moulding from Fenstanton Gravels 4), 10.I.02 (grog-tempered butt beaker from Brampton West 100), 10.I.27 (grog-tempered girth beaker from Brampton West 100), 7BC.I.15 (fine sandy Butt beaker from Brampton West)
Figure 4.5: Site plans of early to mid-Roman A14 settlements
Figure 4.6: Sequence of mid-Roman development at Alconbury 3
Figure 4.7: Early to mid-Roman settlement at Brampton West 100
Figure 4.8: Early to mid-Roman settlement at Brampton West 201
Figure 4.9: Early to mid-Roman settlement at West of Ouse 3
Figure 4.10: Early to mid-Roman settlement at River Great Ouse 2
Figure 4.11: Early to mid-Roman settlement at Fenstanton Gravels
Figure 4.12: Objects of militaria from Fenstanton Gravels 4: F28097 (copper-alloy 'lorica segmentata' hinged fitting fragment), F28050 (copper-alloy openwork belt plate), F28058 (harness fitting)
Figure 4.13: Early Roman settlement at Conington
Figure 4.14: Early to late Roman settlement at Bar Hill 5
Figure 4.15: Site plans of late Roman A14 settlements
Figure 4.16: Late Roman phases at Alconbury 3 and 4
Figure 4.17: Late Roman phases at Brampton West 100 and 201
Figure 4.18: Late Roman villa complex at River Great Ouse 2
Figure 4.19: Artist's reconstruction of the River Great Ouse 2 villa enclosure (unexcavated areas in pale shade) by Jon Cane
Figure 4.20: Late Roman phases at Fenstanton Gravels 4
Figure 4.21: Late Roman phases at Conington 4
Figure 4.22: Single-space Roman period buildings from Brampton West 100
Figure 4.23: Roman aisled buildings from the A14: structure 33.145 (Conington 4), structure 27.474, structure 28.480 (Fenstanton Gravels 4), structure 20.55, structure 20.31, structure 20.233 (River Great Ouse 2)
Figure 4.24: Artist's reconstruction of the Roman aisled barn at Conington 4 (by Jon Cane)
Figure 4.25: Artist's reconstruction of the building complex at Fenstanton Gravels 4 (by Jon Cane)
Figure 4.26: Multi-space buildings from the A14: structure 20.100 (River Great Ouse 2), structure 32.34 (Conington 4)
Figure 4.27: Roman architectural stone from A14 excavations: F20043 (fragment of roof cresting from River Great Ouse 2), F70741 (possible statue base from River Great Ouse), F70118 (lower part of a finial from River Great Ouse 2), F33181 (decorative cornice element from Conington 4), F33180 (Tuscan column base from Conington 4)
Figure 4.28: Location of planting trenches on the A14 scheme in relation to selected other local examples
Figure 4.29: Planting trenching on either side of the Roman road at River Great Ouse
Figure 4.30: Livestock management within the Bar Hill 5 settlement
Figure 4.31: Distribution of known Roman pottery sites in the Lower Ouse Valley
Figure 4.32: Roman pottery Kiln 10.61, Brampton West 100 a: Plan shot of Kiln 10.61; b: Cross-section of pottery Kiln 10.61
Figure 4.33: Photogrammetry of Kiln 10.64, Brampton West 100
Figure 4.34: Plan of smithy building 20.500 at River Great Ouse 2
Figure 4.35: Decorated jet inlay/veneer (F4174) and zoomorphic antler inlay (F4176) from Alconbury 4
Figure 4.36: A14 pottery assemblage changes over time - Horningsea, Lower Ouse Valley, Nene Valley and samian through time by percentage ENV (Estimated Number of Vessels) of assemblage (based on sample data)
Figure 4.37: Chronological trends of Horningsea, Lower Ouse Valley and Nene Valley through time by percentage ENV (Estimated Number of Vessels) of assemblage (based on sample data)
Figure 4.38: Selection of Roman brooches from the A14 scheme: F28033 (zoomorphic brooch from Fenstanton Gravels 4), F28032 (Hod Hill brooch from Fenstanton Gravels 4), F72034 (copper-alloy penannular brooch (Fowler type C) from Brampton West 100), F20089 (copper-alloy crossbow brooch from River Great Ouse 2), F28096 (enamelled plate brooch from Fenstanton Gravels 4)
Figure 4.39: Selection of Roman items of personal dress: F20215 (copper-alloy finger ring from River Great Ouse), F78037 (enamelled finger ring from Fenstanton Gravels 4), F20478 (silver finger ring from River Great Ouse), F20999 (copper-alloy bracelet from River Great Ouse 2)
Figure 4.40: Cursive Latin inscription (F4083) from Alconbury 4
Figure 4.41: Roman gridiron (F14023) from West of Ouse 3
Figure 4.42: Number of cremation and inhumation burials over time in the A14 sites
Figure 4.43: Burial 38.131 from Bar Hill 5 and copper-alloy bracelets F38060 and F38061
Figure 4.44: Partially articulated cow and human skeletons within early Roman well 7A.304 in Brampton West 100
Figure 4.45: Uppermost part of undecorated altar from Conington (F33179) and miniature altar (F74745) from River Great Ouse 2
Figure 4.46: Roman religious objects from the A14: F5220 (miniature lead mattock head from Alconbury 3), F12006 (jet medusa pendant from Brampton West)
Figure 4.47: Objects with phallic imagery: F33168 (copper-alloy phallus from Conington 4), F70247 (decorated millstone from River Great Ouse 2)
Figure 4.48: Complete pottery vessels placed within an early Roman pit 781400 in Fenstanton Gravels 4
Figure 5.1: Overall plan showing location of all Anglo-Saxon activity across the A14 Scheme, in relation to local sites, topography and transport
Figure 5.1a: Plan of Brampton West Settlement 203
Figure 5.1b: Plan of Brampton West Settlement 3
Figure 5.1c: Plan of Brampton West Settlement 4
Figure 5.1d: Plan of Conington Settlement 5
Figure 5.2: Detail plan showing SFB 12.82 and Roman Enclosure 202/203 in Brampton West
Figure 5.3: Detail plan showing SFB 32.26 and Roman Enclosure 3 in Conington
Figure 5.4: Plan showing location of all A14 SFBs against the known drift geology
Figure 5.5: Examples of SFB plans from A14
Figure 5.6: Photo of 'medium' sized SFB 32.37 from Conington
Figure 5.7: Number of post-holes in A14 SFBs
Figure 5.8: Plan of SFB 7BC.237 from Brampton West
Figure 5.9: In situ loom weights in SFB 16.118, West of Ouse
Figure 5.10: SFB 10.536 (BW203) under excavation
Figure 5.11: Section through SFB 10.536 (BW203)
Figure 5.12: Reconstruction drawing of SFB 10.536 (BW203) (by Marc Zubia Pons)
Figure 5.13: Plan of Conington 5 enclosures
Figure 5.14: Plan of Conington gateway
Figure 5.15: Reconstruction drawing of Conington gateway (by Jon Cane)
Figure 5.16: Plan of Enclosures 108 and 109, BW203
Figure 5.17: Reconstruction drawing of Brampton West 3 (BW3) (by Jon Cane)
Figure 5.18: Post-built structure 32.28 from Conington under excavation
Figure 5.19: Plan of Structure 7BC.246 (BW3)
Figure 5.20: Plan of Structure 7BC.263 (BW3)
Figure 5.21: Plan of BW3 on short perch grid system
Figure 5.22: Plan of Structure 7BC.223 (BW3)
Figure 5.23: Plan showing replacement of Structures 7B.229, 230, 231, 232 (BW3)
Figure 5.24: Graph showing proportions of crops over time at Conington 5, based on charred grain assemblages
Figure 5.25: Graph showing proportions of crops over time at Brampton West 3, based on charred grain assemblages
Figure 5.26: Photo of lava quern fragments from Conington 5
Figure 5.27: Graph showing relative proportions of cattle, pig and sheep between Roman and Anglo-Saxon settlements at Conington and Brampton West, by NISP
Figure 5.28: Antler-working waste from Ditch 7BC.122 (BW4)
Figure 5.29: Saxon pottery kiln 7BC.235 (BW3)
Figure 5.30: Map showing location of Conington against boundaries of Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, roads and other sites
Figure 5.31: Plan of Cemetery 1 at Conington 5
Figure 5.32: Burial 32.210, in the gateway of C5
Figure 5.33: Pottery sherd, possibly a fire pot, from SFB 11.230 (BW203)
Figure 5.34: Anglo-Saxon reed pipe
'Figure' 5.35: Audio of reed pipe (audio MP3)
Figure 6.1: Location of the abandoned medieval village of Houghton and 19th-century Grove Farm at Brampton West in relation to the A14 scheme
Figure 6.2: Brampton West in relation to surrounding medieval to modern features
Figure 6.3: All excavated medieval to modern features at Brampton West
Figure 6.4: All medieval phases of the excavated settlement at Houghton (BW5)
Figure 6.5: The settlement at Houghton (BW5) in local context
Figure 6.6: Late Saxon-early medieval phase of the Houghton (BW5) settlement
Figure 6.7: Plan of Structure 7BC.529
Figure 6.8: High medieval (12th/13th century) phase of the Houghton (BW5) settlement
Figure 6.9: Photo of Structure 7BC.513
Figure 6.10: Plan of Structure 7BC.546 (smithy)
Figure 6.11: Photo of Structure 7BC.546 (smithy)
Figure 6.12: Drone photo of medieval smithy under excavation
Figure 6.13: Late medieval (late 14th/15th century) phase of the Houghton (BW5) settlement
Figure 6.14: Medieval pottery vessel in Pit Group 7BC.486 under excavation
Figure 6.15: Reconstruction drawing of iron rotary key (F73153)
Figure 6.16: Photo of iron barrel padlock (F76185)
Figure 6.17: Medieval iron arrow head (F7039)
Figure 6.18: Medieval pair of scissors (F73137)
Figure 6.19: 1772 Inclosure Map overlain by Brampton West excavation outline
Figure 6.20: Plan of Grove Farm (BW6) in Brampton West
Figure 6.21: Extract from the 1888 1:2,500 OS Map of Huntingdonshire, showing Grove Farm (Courtesy of Huntingdon Archives)
Figure 6.22: Plan of Brick Kiln 7BC.136
Figure 6.23: Brick Kiln 7BC.136 under excavation
Figure 6.24: Brick Kiln 7BC.136 after excavation
Figure 6.25: Photogrammetry of Brick Kiln 7BC.136
Figure 6.26: Photo of bricks fused together during firing from Kiln 7BC.344, context (070637)
Figure 7.1: Photo of construction works and archaeological excavation in progress, TEA 12
Figure 7.2: Photo showing the widened A1 and construction works, looking northwards
Figure 7.3: X-ray image of Roman pottery from A14
Figure 7.4: Iron Age skull comb from Bar Hill
Figure 7.5: Iron Age frog bones from Bar Hill
Figure 7.6: Roman kiln 10.61 from Brampton West
Figure 7.7: Drawing of elm post from River Great Ouse Roman building
Figure 7.8: Saxon burial from Conington
Figure 7.9: Archaeologist at work on the A14
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Translated and edited by Michael Swanton, London 1996
Appicus De Re Coquinaria
Columella De Rustica
Domesday Book, Penguin Books edition 1992
Henry of Huntingdon, Historia Anglorum, Edited by Thomas Arnold, London 1879
Pliny Natural History
Polybius Histories
Tacitus Agricola
Varro De Re Rustica
Note: References to other A14 outputs on the Archaeology Data Service (ADS) all have links to that resource. The references to the specialist reports from the different Landscape Block reports typically have associated letters after the date (e.g. Allison 2024a, Allison 2024d), which are fixed references to that particular report and may not run consecutively (a, b, c, etc.) in this bibliography.
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Abrams, J. and Ingham, D. 2008 Farming on the Edge: Archaeological evidence from the clay uplands west of Cambridge, East Anglian Archaeology 123. https://eaareports.org.uk/publication/report123/
Aitken, E. and Wyles, S. 2024 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire: Bar Hill plant remains'. https://doi.org/10.5284/1081250
Albarella, U. 2019 A Review of Animal Bone Evidence from Central England: Discovery, Innovation and Science in the Historic Environment, Research Report Series 61, Historic England.
Albion Archaeology 2022 'Land south of Cambridge Road and the former Dairy Crest site, Fenstanton, Cambridgeshire - Archaeological Mitigation Archive Report', Albion Archaeology [Unpublished Client Report].
Aldred, O. 2021 'Northstowe Phase 2a, Part 1 Cambridgeshire. An Archaeological Excavation Areas A1, AA2, AA3/4 and AA6', Cambridge Archaeological Unit [Unpublished client report].
Aldred, O. and Collins, M. forthcoming Of Other Spaces: Excavations across Longstanton and Oakington Northstowe Phases 1 and 2, CAU Landscape Archives: New archaeologies of the Cambridge region, Cambridge: McDonald Institute.
Alexander, M. and Pullinger, J. 2000 'Roman Cambridge. Excavations on Castle Hill 1956-1988', Proceedings of the Cambridge Antiquarian Society 88, 59-74.
Allen, M. 2014 'Chasing Sylvia's Stag: placing deer in the countryside of Roman Britain' in K. Baker, R. Carden and R. Madgwick (eds) Deer and People, Oxford: Windgather. 174-186. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv13gvgms.18
Allen, M. 2017 'Pastoral farming' in M. Allen, L. Lodwick, T. Brindle, M. Fulford and A. Smith (eds) The Rural Economy of Roman Britain. New Visions of the Countryside of Roman Britain, Vol. 2, London: Britannia Monograph Series 30. 85-135.
Allen, M. and Smith, A. 2016 'Rural settlement in Roman Britain: morphological classification and overview' in A. Smith, M. Allen, T. Brindle and M. Fulford (eds) The Rural Settlement of Roman Britain. New Visions of the Countryside of Roman Britain, Vol. 1, London: Britannia Monograph Series 29. 17-43.
Allen, T. and Kamash, Z. 2008 Excavations at Spring Road Municipal Cemetery, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, 1990-2000 Volume 2, Oxford: Thames Valley Landscape monograph 28.
Allen, T., Miles, D. and Palmer, S. 1981 'Iron Age buildings in the Upper Thames region' in B. Cunliffe and D. Miles (eds) Aspects of the Iron Age in Central Southern Britain, Oxford: University of Oxford, Committee for Archaeology. 89-102.
Allison, E. 2024a 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire: Alconbury Insect Remains'. https://doi.org/10.5284/1081249
Allison, E. 2024d 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire: River Great Ouse Insect Remains'. https://doi.org/10.5284/1081255
Anderson, K. and Brudenell, M. 2010 'The pottery' in C. Evans and L. Ten Harkel (eds) 'Cambridge's early settlement and Via Devana: excavations at Castle Street', Proceedings of the Cambridge Antiquarian Society 99, 35-61.
Anderson, K., Hall, D. and Standring, R. 2009 'A Fieldwalking Survey of the Proposed A14 Route between Ellington and Girton', Cambridge Archaeological Unit [Unpublished client report]. https://doi.org/10.17863/CAM.100774
Armit, I. 2012 Headhunting and the Body in Iron Age Europe, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139016971
Armour, N., Dodwell, N. and Timberlake, S. 2007 'The Roman Cemetery, The Babraham Institute, Cambridgeshire: An Archaeological Excavation', Cambridge Archaeological Unit [Unpublished client report 754].
Arnold, C. and Wardle, D. 1981 'Early medieval settlement patterns in England', Medieval Archaeology 25, 145-9.
Atkins CH2M 2016a 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon Improvement Scheme: Archaeological Mitigation Scheme; Archaeological Mitigation Specification: Section 1 Alconbury South', [Unpublished client report].
Atkins CH2M 2016b 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon Improvement Scheme: Archaeological Mitigation Scheme; Archaeological Mitigation Specification: Section 1 Ellington North', [Unpublished client report].
Atkins CH2M 2016c 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon Improvement Scheme: Archaeological Mitigation Scheme; Archaeological Mitigation Specification: Section 2 Brampton River Gravels', [Unpublished client report].
Atkins CH2M 2016d 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon Improvement Scheme: Archaeological Mitigation Scheme; Archaeological Mitigation Specification: Great Ouse Crossing', [Unpublished client report].
Atkins CH2M 2016e 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon Improvement Scheme: Archaeological Mitigation Scheme; Archaeological Mitigation Specification: Ermine Street West', [Unpublished client report].
Atkins CH2M 2016f 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon Improvement Scheme: Archaeological Mitigation Scheme; Archaeological Mitigation Specification: Ermine Street East' [Unpublished client report].
Atkins CH2M 2016g 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon Improvement Scheme: Archaeological Mitigation Scheme; Archaeological Mitigation Specification: Potton Road Gravels', [Unpublished client report].
Atkins CH2M 2016h 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon Improvement Scheme: Archaeological Mitigation Scheme; Archaeological Mitigation Specification: A14 Roman Road South', [Unpublished client report].
Atkins CH2M 2016i 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon Improvement Scheme: Archaeological Mitigation Scheme; Archaeological Mitigation Specification: Swavesey South' [Unpublished client report].
Atkins CH2M 2016j 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon Improvement Scheme: Archaeological Mitigation Scheme; Archaeological Mitigation Specification: Bar Hill North', [Unpublished client report].
Atkins CH2M 2016k 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon Improvement Scheme: Archaeological Mitigation Scheme; Archaeological Mitigation Specification: Bar Hill East', [Unpublished client report].
Atkins, R. 2024 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire: Fenstanton Gravels Landscape Block Analysis Report'. https://doi.org/10.5284/1081254
Atkins, R. and Douthwaite, A. 2024 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire: River Great Ouse Landscape Block Analysis Report'. https://doi.org/10.5284/1081255
Atkins, R. and Reid, A. 2022 'Early Anglo-Saxon settlement and a mid to late seventh-century cemetery on land west of Brampton', Proceedings of the Cambridge Antiquarian Society 61, 117-44.
Atkinson, R.J.C., Piggott, C.M. and Sandars, N.K. 1951 Excavations at Dorchester, Oxon. First Report, Oxford: Ashmolean Museum.
Bailey, L. 2024f 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire: West of Ouse Charcoal'. https://doi.org/10.5284/1081256
Bailey, L. 2024i 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire: Conington Charcoal. https://doi.org/10.5284/1081253
Balchin, N. and Filby, P. 2001 A Guide to the Industrial Archaeology of Cambridgeshire and Peterborough, Association for Industrial Archaeology.
Bamford, H.M. 1982 Beaker Domestic Sites in the Fen Edge and East Anglia, East Anglian Archaeology 16. https://eaareports.org.uk/publication/report16/
Bang, P.F. 2008 The Roman Bazaar: a comparative study of trade and markets in a tributary empire, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Banks, P. and Perrin, R. 2024 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire: Fenstanton Gravels Iron Age and Roman pottery'. https://doi.org/10.5284/1081254
Barrett, J. 1989 'Food, gender and metal: questions of social reproduction' in M.L.S. Sørensen and R. Thomas (eds) From Bronze to Iron: The Bronze Age-Iron Age transition in Europe, British Archaeological Reports (Int. Ser.) 483, Oxford: Archaeopress.
Barrett, J.C. 1990 'The monumentality of death: the character of Early Bronze Age mortuary mounds in southern Britain', World Archaeology 22(2), 179-189. https://doi.org/10.1080/00438243.1990.9980139
Barrett, J., Bradley, R.J. and Green, M.T. 1991 Landscape, Monuments and Society: the prehistory of Cranborne Chase, Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511735578
Bartlett, A.D.H. 2009 'A14 Improvement Ellington to Fen Ditton, Cambridgeshire. Report on Archaeogeophysical Surveys of Areas GP1 to GP7 (2008) and Proposed Reservoir Sites (2009)'.
Barton, R.N.E., Berridge, P.J., Walker, M.J. and Bevins, R.E. 1995 'Persistent places in the Mesolithic landscape: an example from the Black Mountain uplands of South Wales', Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 61, 81-116. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0079497X00003042
Beresford, M.W. 1951 'The lost villages of Medieval England', The Geographical Journal 117(2), 129-147. https://doi.org/10.2307/1791650
Beresford, M. and Hurst, J. 1990 Wharram Percy Deserted Medieval Village, English Heritage.
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