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List of Figures

Figure 1: Map of Yiluo region and research area.

Figure 2: Distribution of Erlitou culture sites in the Yiluo region, showing the locations of spade production sites in relation to dolomite source. Oolitic dolomite outcrops are embedded in the dolomite deposits. Sites were surveyed by the Yiluo Team and Erlitou team. Spade production sites: 1. Zhaiwan; 2. Huizui; 3. Xiahousi; 4. Xikouzi.

Figure 3: Lithic outcrops near Huizui a. Locations of oolitic dolomite outcrops on the ranges of the Songshan Mts; b. Thin-bedded oolitic dolomite outcrops; c. Medium-coarse grained sandstone outcrops in the south-west of Huizui.

Figure 4: Oolitic dolomite blanks (a) and fragments of sandstone (b) unearthed from Huizui.

Figure 5: The Jiulongshuiku site near an ancient quarry, probably for making preforms of spades. The bedrock is fine-grained dolomite, while the artefacts scattered on the ground surface include oolitic dolomite flakes and hammerstones of non-local sandstone.

Figure 6: Evidence for spade production at Huizui. A. banks showing reduction sequence for making spades; 1. flaking, 2-4. hammerdressing in different degrees, 5. grinding, 6. final polishing; B. flakes; C. a workshop locale for making spades at TP1, Huizui West.

Figure 7: Ratios of lithic materials in blanks, flakes and finished tools, Huizui.

Figure 8: Location of Erlitou sites that yielded evidence for consumption and production of oolitic dolomite spades around the Yiluo region.

List of Tables

Table 1: Lithic types of stone spades from Huizui, excavated in 1959


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