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4.5 Europe

Ice sheets covered northern Europe and Scandinavia. Most of the rest of northern Europe resembled semi-desert, with a mixture of tundra and grassland elements (steppe-tundra). In southern Europe, vegetation resembled a semi-desert steppe, with scattered pockets of trees in moist areas.

map of Europe
Figure 7: Map of Europe (view legend)

Selected literature sources for the region of Europe:

Becze-Deak et al. (1995); Bennett et al. (1991); Borsy (1987); Davis (1995); Dawson (1992); Denton and Hughes (1981); Frenzel (1992); Grichuk (1992); Harvey (1984); Hooghiemstra et al. (1992b); Huntley (1988, 1990, 1992); Huntley and Prentice (1993); Kozlowski (1990); Laval and Medus (1989); Laval et al. (1991); Pérez-Obiol and Julià (1994); Sjerup (1987); Soffer (1990); Soffer and Gamble (1990); Starkel (1991); Turner and Hannon (1988); van Zeist and Bottema (1988); Velichko and Kurenkova (1990a); Velichko and Isavea (1992); Wells (1992); Weniger (1990); West (1978); Willis (1994); Willis et al. (2000).


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