Cite this as: Boismier, W.A., Allison, E., Ardis, C., Banerjea, R., Batchelor, C.R., Dark, P., Dudgeon, K., Green, C.P., Henderson, E., Ladocha, J., Weinstock, J., Young, D.S. and Schwenninger, J.-L. 2024 Investigation of Borrow Pit TEA28 BP3, Fenstanton, Cambridgeshire, UK, Internet Archaeology 67. https://doi.org/10.11141/ia.67.23
This report provides a synthesis of the results for a Palaeolithic watching brief carried out at Borrow Pit TEA28 BP3 (NGR TL 3020 6779) as part of the A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon road improvement scheme. A number of Late Pleistocene deposits was identified, recorded and sampled for environmental remains. Samples were also taken for optically stimulated luminescence dating (OSL) and accelerator mass spectrometry radiocarbon dating (AMS). Vertebrate remains and a very small assemblage of seven lithic artefacts were also collected from some of them.
Stratigraphically the succession comprised a sequence of fluvial, floodplain and periglacial colluvial deposits. OSL age estimates indicated that they spanned the Middle-Late Devensian period (MIS 3-2; 60-15.4 ky), with sandy gravels at the base of the succession dating to c. 43495 ± 3635(X7465), and periglacial slope deposits at the top to c. 22570 ± 1570(X7457) and the last glacial maximum (MIS 2; c. 27-16 ky). Palaeobiological data from floodplain deposits indicated a treeless grassland and a temperate continental climate characterised by warm summers (16-17℃) and cool-cold winters (-11 to 4℃). The data also indicated a floodplain landscape occupied by a mosaic of ponds, marsh-fens, grassland, willow scrub and disturbed ground habitats. Microfabrics in thin-sections documented the presence of palaeosols and periodic inundation of the floodplain by overbank flooding. The abundance of dung beetles in the insect assemblage indicated the presence of populations of large herbivores. Vertebrate evidence for those herbivores comprised the partial remains of mammoth, woolly rhinoceros, bison, horse and reindeer. The small size of the lithic assemblage and its multiperiod make-up indicate that it represents a group of reworked artefacts produced by fluvial erosion and sediment deposition processes rather than in situ human activity.
Corresponding author: W.A. Boismier
w.boismier123@btinternet.com
Consultant
E. Allison
Quaternary Scientific (QUEST), University of Reading
C. Ardis
Museum of London Archaeology (MOLA)
R. Banerjea
Quaternary Scientific (QUEST), University of Reading
C.R. Batchelor
Quaternary Scientific (QUEST), University of Reading
P. Dark
Quaternary Scientific (QUEST), University of Reading
K. Dudgeon
Wessex Archaeology
C.P. Green
Quaternary Scientific (QUEST), University of Reading
E. Henderson
Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit
J. Ladocha
Museum of London Archaeology (MOLA)
J. Weinstock
Department of Archaeology, University of Southampton
D.S. Young
Wessex Archaeology
J.-L. Schwenninger
Luminescence Dating Laboratory
Figure 1: Location plan
Figure 2: The locations of sites referred to in the text
Figure 3: Section WkS01 (west facing)
Figure 4: Section SS02. Association B battered face (north facing)
Figure 5: Section SS03 (south facing). Cryoturbated silts of Association C overlying grey organic sands of Association B
Figure 6: Section SS04 (north facing). Association C. OSL sample locations highlighted
Figure 7: Section SS05 (a) east-facing, (b) north-facing sections
Figure 8: Section WkS06 (north facing). Cryoturbated palaeosols
Figure 9: Section WkS07 (south facing). Cryoturbated palaeosol
Figure 10: Section SS02. Micromorph sample 780007
Figure 11: Section SS05(3). Micromorph sample 780046
Figure 12: Section WkS06. Micromorph sample 780127
Figure 13: Section SS05(3). Results of particle size distribution analysis
Figure 14: Graph of particle size distribution
Figure 15: Section SS05(1). Monolith sample 780059 pollen diagram
Figure 16: Trichuris egg
Figure 17a: Cestode egg
Figure 17b: Cestode egg
Figure 18: Section SS05(2). Sample 780084 pollen diagram
Figure 19: Section SS05(1). Monolith sample 780063 pollen diagram
Figure 20: Plant macrofossil diagram
Figure 21: F78697 Mammuthus primigenius (mammoth) tusk fragment. South cell, context 782010, basal gravels
Figure 22: Coelodonta antiquitatis (woolly rhinoceros) skulls. *North cell (Association B) F78623, F79113, F79129, F78624; **south cell F78656
Figure 23: F79116 Bison priscus (bison) skull horn core showing lesion. North cell, context 782301, basal sands (Association A)
Figure 24: F79114 Handaxe. Context 782201
Figure 25: F79115 Bifacial scraper. Context 782101
Figure 26: F79132 Handaxe tip fragment. Context 782236
Figure 27: F79174 Cleaver. Context 789999, north cell reject pile
Figure 28: F79131 Unretouched flake
Figure 29: F79133 Unretouched flake
Figure 30: F79134 Unretouched flake
Figure 31: Oxygen isotope climate record for the Greenland GISP2 ice core. Source: Figure 4.1 from the McDonald Institute Monograph Neanderthals and Modern Humans in the European Landscape during the Last Glaciation, Edited by T.H. Van Andel and W. Davies (2003). Reproduced with permission from the McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research
Table 1: Stratigraphic Sequence
Table 2 (PDF): Pollen Counts & Percentages
Table 3 (PDF): Plant Macros
Table 4 (PDF): Insects
Table 5: Taxonomic representation and number of specimens at TEA28, Fenstanton
Table 6: Skeletal element representation at TEA28, Fenstanton
Table 7: OSL Age Estimates
Table 8: Results of the AMS radiocarbon dating of plant macrofossils (seeds)
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