Cite this as: Bohling, S. 2025 Online dissemination of 3D bioarchaeological data: An exploration of ethics, user preferences, and contextualisation in an official digital repository setting, Internet Archaeology 69. https://doi.org/10.11141/ia.69.9
The Archaeology Data Service (ADS) is a UK-based, CoreTrustSeal accredited digital repository for archaeological and historic environmental data. The ADS increasingly receives archives that include digital bioarchaeological data (e.g. 3D models of burials). This project explores how ADS users prefer to be presented with this type of data and investigates how these preferences can inform the ADS's protocol for the dissemination of digital bioarchaeological data.
A Qualtrics survey was shared online in June/July 2023 (344 participants included). The majority of respondents thought that 1) content advisory should appear before viewing human remains (66.0%), 2) contextual information should accompany 3D models of human remains (94.2%), 3) archive-specific ethics statements should be included (50.9%), and 4) users should be reminded to reuse bioarchaeological data with respect before downloading 3D models (65.1%).
The survey results informed the development of a series of suggestions for how the ADS might proceed with regard to providing content advisories, prioritising contextualisation of individuals, addressing ethical considerations specific to an excavation/project, and including a reminder requesting users to consider the human behind the data. Some enhancements were made on an ADS archive to serve as a case study for how the ADS workflow can be potentially modified in the future. This focused on improving contextualisation by linking 3D models with excavation photographs and context sheets and the development of an interactive cemetery map. The complications of implementing this standard of contextualisation are discussed and thoughts on how the ADS, data depositors, and the developers who finance excavations can proceed with regards to the dissemination of digital bioarchaeological are presented.
Corresponding author: Solange Bohling
[email protected]
Archaeology Data Service
Figure 1: Examples of digital bioarchaeological data using different recording methods. A: Photographic image of Individual 38 from the early medieval cemetery at Worthy Park, Hampshire. Source: Hawkes and Grainger (2003, 145); B: X-ray images (1) and images of 3D CT scans (2) of spinal kyphosis due to tuberculosis in a medieval French individual. Source: Coqueugniot et al. (2020, 542); C: Image of a photogrammetry-made 3D model of the grave of King Richard III. Source: Archaeological Services (ULAS) (2016) © University of Leicester, all rights reserved. Reproduced with permission; D: Image of a surface laser scanned 3D model of a prehistoric cranium from Sacramento Valley, California. Source: Kuzminsky and Gardiner (2012, 2748).
Figure 2: Bar chart demonstrating results for the question regarding participant archaeological experience/interest.
Figure 3: Bar chart demonstrating number of participants with and without commercial/academic archaeological experience after data reorganisation.
Figure 4: Bar chart demonstrating results for the optional question regarding participant gender.
Figure 5: Bar chart demonstrating results for the optional question regarding participant age.
Figure 6: Bar chart demonstrating results for the optional question regarding participant nationality. NB: some data simplification and editing was necessary to produce this bar chart (e.g., combining Scotland, Northern Ireland, Britain, England, and United Kingdom into one category).
Figure 7: Bar chart demonstrating results for the optional question regarding participant religion.
Figure 8: Bar charts demonstrating results for Questions 1-3.
Figure 9: Bar chart demonstrating results for Question 4.
Figure 10: Bar chart demonstrating results for Question 4 compared between participants with and without commercial/academic archaeological experience.
Figure 11: Bar chart demonstrating results for Question 4 compared between different age groups.
Figure 12: Bar chart demonstrating results for Question 4 compared between participants from the United Kingdom and the United States.
Figure 13: Figure 13- Bar chart demonstrating results for Question 5.
Figure 14: Bar chart demonstrating results for Question 5 compared between participants with and without commercial/academic archaeological experience.
Figure 15: Bar chart demonstrating results for Question 5.5.
Figure 16: Bar chart demonstrating results for Question 5.5 compared between participants with and without commercial/academic archaeological experience.
Figure 17: Bar chart demonstrating results for Question 6.
Figure 18: Figure E which is referred to in Questions 7 and 8 in the Qualtrics survey. Sources: Bishop and Mordan (n.d.); DigVentures (2020). NB: The individual shown in Box 1 is SK 2079 from the excavations undertaken by DigVentures at Lindisfarne.
Figure 19: Bar chart demonstrating results for Question 7.
Figure 20: Bar chart demonstrating results for Question 7 compared between participants with and without commercial/academic archaeological experience.
Figure 21: Bar chart demonstrating results for Question 8.
Figure 22: Bar chart demonstrating results for Question 9.
Figure 23: Bar chart demonstrating results for Question 10.
Figure 24: Figure G which is referred to in Question 10.
Figure 25: Potential wording for the pop-up box that reminds ADS users of the sensitive nature of the digital bioarchaeological data they are downloading.
Figure 26: Screenshot example of the download page for Wendover Green Tunnel Cremation 605181 including two placement options for a link to the archive-specific ethics statement: (A) included once in the left-hand list for the overall archive or (B): included on model-specific webpages. Source: HS2 and Infra Archaeology (2024) and modified by author.
Figure 27: Screenshot example of the standard ADS webpage for Skeleton 605279 (Model 87) at the WGT cemetery identifying the A: 3D model viewer; B: 3D model files; C: source images for the 3D model; D: 3D model metadata; and E: 3D model processing report. Source: HS2 and Infra Archaeology (2024) and modified by author.
Figure 28: Screenshot example of the enhanced ADS webpage for Skeleton 605279 (Model 87) demonstrating the newly linked excavation photographs (A) and context sheet (B). Source: HS2 and Infra Archaeology (2024) and modified by author.
Figure 29: Example screenshot of searchable map interface available through the ADS website to provide individualised information about archaeological individuals. The example included here is for Skeleton 605279 from WGT. Source: HS2 and Infra Archaeology (2024) and modified by author.
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