Figure 1: Comparison of Tell Qarqur, Syria, as it appears on CORONA, SPOT and Landsat satellite imagery. High resolution (2m) CORONA images make them far more valuable for direct detection of archaeological sites
Figure 2: CORONA Atlas homepage
Figure 3: CORONA film strips on light table. These raw images contain extreme spatial distortions
Figure 4: Diagram of spatial distortion in forward and aft cameras of a KH-4B CORONA satellite
Figure 5: Zincirli Hoyuk, Turkey, as it appears in uncorrected images of forward and aft cameras, compared to a map of the site
Figure 6: Rubber sheeting of images in Amuq Valley, Turkey. While these simple methods work over small areas, they are extremely time consuming, produce large errors in many areas, and destroy stereo capabilities of the imagery
Figure 7: Screen shot of ground control point selection on CORONA images in ERDAS Leica Photogrammetry Suite (left) and Google maps data via a custom-built point digitizing tool (right)
Figure 8: Location of ground control points used to orient a large block of CORONA images. Note that relatively few GCPs are required if they are well positioned along areas of image overlap
Figure 9: Bundle-adjusted CORONA block, illustrating position of images in space and re-projection onto a plane
Figure 10: Orthorectified block of CORONA images
Figure 11: Amman, Jordan as it appears in a September 1967 CORONA image vs modern Google image data (Map data ©2012 Google, Imagery ©2012 Cnes/Spot Image, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye, U.S. Geological Survey)
Figure 12: Mosul, northern Iraq (Modern Map data ©2012 Google Imagery ©2012 Cnes/Spot Image, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye)
Figure 13: Lake Urmia, northwest Iran (Modern Map data ©2012 Basarsoft Imagery ©2012 Terrametrics)
Figure 14: Lake of Antioch, southern Turkey (Modern Map data ©2012 Basarsoft, Google Imagery ©2012 Terrametrics)
Figure 15: Marshlands of southern Iraq (Modern Map data ©2012 Google Imagery ©2012 Terrametrics)
Figure 16: Tabqa Dam and Lake Assad, Euphrates River, Syria (Modern Map data ©2012 Basarsoft, Google Imagery ©2012 Terrametrics)
Figure 17: Ataturk Dam, Euphrates River, central Turkey (Modern Map data ©2012 Basarsoft Imagery ©2012 Terrametrics)
Figure 18: Ancient city of Samsat, submerged by the Ataturk dam project
Figure 19: Aswan High Dam and Lake Nasser, Upper Egypt (Modern Map data ©2012 Google, ORION-ME Imagery ©2012 Terrametrics)
Figure 20: Aswan High Dam under construction
Figure 21: Irrigation in Khuzistan, southwestern Iran (Modern Map data ©2012 Google Imagery ©2012 Terrametrics)
Figure 22: Harran Plain, Balikh River Valley, southern Turkey (Modern Map data ©2012 Basarsoft, Google Imagery ©2012 Terrametrics)
Figure 23: Ancient city of Harran (Modern Map data ©2012 Google Imagery ©2012 Terrametrics)
Figure 24: Lower Balikh River at confluence with Euphrates, Syria (Modern Map data ©2012 Google Imagery ©2012 Cnes/Spot Image, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye)
Figure 25: Al-Raqqa, Syria (Modern Map data ©2012 Google Imagery ©2012 Cnes/Spot Image, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye)
Figure 26: Neolithic and Chalcolithic site of Tell Zeidan, Syria (Map data ©2012 Google Imagery ©2012 Cnes/Spot Image, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye)
Figure 27: Negev Desert, modern border between Israel and Egypt (Modern Map data ©2012 Google, Mapa GISrael, ORION-ME, Imagery ©2012 Cnes/Spot Image, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye, U.S. Geological Survey)
Figure 28: Archaeological survey around Tell Hamoukar, eastern Syria. In this area, virtually all archaeological sites are resolvable on CORONA imagery
Figure 29: Archaeological survey in the lower Amuq Valley, southern Turkey. Most sites in lowland plains are visible, but almost none in upland areas
Figure 30: Qoueiq River Valley, western Syria. Archaeological survey was undertaken prior to the availability of CORONA imagery, and dozens of sites have yet to be recorded by archaeologists
Figure 31: Zincirli Hoyuk, Islahiya Plain, southern Turkey
Figure 32: Tell Ta'yinat, Amuq Plain, southern Turkey
Figure 33: Tell Rifa'at, Qoueiq Valley, western Syria
Figure 34: Tell Halaf, Khabur Basin, eastern Syria
Figure 35: Tell Ahmar, Euphrates Valley, Syria
Figure 36: 'Ain Dara, Afrin Valley, western Syria
Figure 37: Tell Mishrife, near Homs, central Syria
Figure 38: Khorsabad, Tigris River, northern Iraq
Figure 39: Ancient radial routes or 'hollow ways' surrounding Tell Brak, eastern Syria
Figure 40: Recently discovered hollow ways at Tell Rifa'at, western Syria
Figure 41: Stone clearance walls from southern Syria, showing patterns of Roman centuriation
Figure 42: Remains of likely Roman/late Roman architecture in southern Syria
Figure 43: Centuriated field systems preserved as faint soil marks near Homs, Syria
Figure 44: Clearance walls from northern Syria, non-centuriated but likely Roman/late Roman
Figure 45: Extraordinarily complex palimpsest of relict canals near Bablyon, southern Iraq
Figure 46: Relict canal systems of late Parthian/Sasanian date (AD 25-640), Khuzistan, southwestern Iran
Figure 47: Major canal systems, probably constructed in the Roman period (150 BC-AD 300) in the Orontes River Valley, western Syria
Figure 48: Stereo CORONA images displayed in ERDAS Stereo Analyst. Note that orientation of the images must be perpendicular to the flight path to enable stereo viewing
Figure 49: Anaglyph of Euphrates River Valley, Syria (requires red-blue 3D glasses for viewing)
Figure 50: Anaglyph of Tell Jouweif, Syria, cut in half by movement of Euphrates River (requires red-blue 3D glasses for viewing)
Figure 51: Anaglyph of Islahiye Plain, southern Turkey (requires red-blue 3D glasses for viewing)
Figure 52: Close-up of an area in Figure 51 showing a large limestone hill and small, mounded sites adjacent (requires red-blue 3D glasses for viewing)
Figure 53: Anaglyph of Umm el-Marra, Jabbul Plain, Syria (requires red-blue 3D glasses for viewing)
Figure 54: Anaglyph of Tell Beydar, eastern Syria, a kranzhugel-type site of the 3rd millennium BC (requires red-blue 3D glasses for viewing)
Figure 55: Automated DEM extraction from stereo CORONA images in ERDAS Leica Photogrammetry Suite
Figure 56 (animation): 10m DEM produced from stereo CORONA images for the northern Ghab Basin in western Syria. Automated extraction produces better results in areas of higher contrast, such as mountains, than in the flat plain
Figure 57 (animation): A 10m DEM with orthoimage draped over the Euphrates River Valley in Syria (relief exaggerated 5x). This entire area has now been flooded by the construction of the Tabqa Dam
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