Cite this as: Oksanen, E. and Wessman, A. 2025 New horizons in understanding Finnish Iron Age material culture through metal-detected finds, Internet Archaeology 68. https://doi.org/10.11141/ia.68.4
This article examines the scientific and cultural heritage management opportunities and challenges that have arisen in Finland owing to the growing popularity of recreational metal detecting. We will first introduce the phenomenon as it has developed over the last decade and then discuss public finds as characterful cultural heritage data, examining their archaeological potential as well as the biases that arise from the manner this material has been acquired. We will provide a large-scale overview of geographical and temporal patterns that emerge from the data through computational analysis, and argue it possesses significant and still mostly untapped potential to enhance our understanding of the Finnish past. As a special case study, we will analyse the distribution of select Late Iron Age (AD 800-1200/1300) female dress accessory types recovered in southern Finland, considering them as expressions of regional material cultures and as evidence of interregional and even international connections in the past.
Corresponding author: Eljas Oksanen
eljas.oksanen@helsinki.fi
University of Helsinki
Anna Wessman
anna.wessman@uib.no
University of Bergen
Figure 1: Numbers of public (predominantly metal-detected) finds retrieved for the Finnish national collections 2010-2022. The chart gives the number of new accession numbers (collection IDs) created for public finds per annum, and therefore reflects not just a rise in the number of reported items, but also the varying amount of resources FHA has been able to assign to identifying and recording objects at different times; it illustrates the backlog of finds that had already built up by 2014, and the enhanced resources that have been dedicated to recording in the last few years. Data: FHA (Muinaiskalupäiväkirja and Luettelointisovellus). Image: E. Oksanen
Figure 2: Number of reports (n=21,224) and reporters (n=1384) collected in the Ilppari system between February 2019 and May 2023. The Finnish metal detecting community can be divided into three different user groups; those who metal detect sporadically during holidays and find perhaps just 1-10 reportable objects per year, those who have this as an active hobby and report finds more regularly, and finally a small group of 'super-users' who treat the activity as a serious leisure activity and report over 100 finds annually. Image: E. Oksanen
Figure 3: The geographical distribution of public finds reported with findspot coordinates (n=18,434) between February 2019 and May 2023; the vast majority derive from metal detecting. Image: E. Oksanen
Figure 4: Aoristic analysis of public finds in Finland from the Middle Iron Age onwards recorded between 2000 and 2023 (n=6510). Finds dated from the Stone Age to AD 500 are not included owing to their very low numbers, amounting to only 563 objects; a further 1346 are undated. The coloured area represents a probability envelope within which values are expected to fall, in 25 year temporal bins, with 95 per cent confidence, with the dark central line the mean value provided for clearer visual representation. Data: FHA. Image: E. Oksanen
Figure 5: Public finds recorded by the Finnish Heritage Agency between 2000 and 2023, divided by reporting period (a 2000-2013: n=1009; b 2014-2016: n=2832; c 2017-2023: n=4579), and separately into dress accessories (d: n=2939) and coins and Iron Age hacksilver objects (e: n=1090). Data: FHA. Image: E. Oksanen
Figure 6: Spatial distributions and relative kernel density surfaces (sigma = 50km) of public finds made in southern and central Finland 2000-2023, divided chronologically into four categories: a) All finds; b) Finds made between 2000-2013, before the onset of the metal detecting boom; c) Finds recorded 2014-2016, in the first years of the boom; d) Finds recorded between 2017-2023. Data: FHA. Image: E. Oksanen
Figure 7a: Known Iron Age settlements (n=865) and burial sites (n=1580) in southern Finland, excluding Åland, recorded in the FHA Register of Ancient Monuments. Areas and modern regions referred to in the text are labelled. Data: FHA and the National Archives of Finland. Image: E. Oksanen
Figure 7b: Known Iron Age settlements (n=8582) recorded by the silver tax of AD 1571 in Finland and the Karelian Isthmus. Areas and modern regions referred to in the text are labelled. Data: FHA and the National Archives of Finland. Image: E. Oksanen
Figure 8: An example of a wonderfully well-preserved pair of round concave brooches (Appelgren D-type) recovered by Michael Finnberg, an avocational metal detectorist, under a large stone in the summer of 2021 in Töykänmäki in Paimio, SW Finland. Photo: Michael Finnberg 2021
Figure 9: The findspots for different brooch and pendant types, comparing their distribution by Standard Deviational Ellipses. Data: FHA. Image: E. Oksanen
Figure 10: Round and oval concave brooches, and bird and animal pendants mapped against historical and prehistoric routes given in Rantanen et al. 2021 Post-glacial esker formations, as natural landscape formations guiding travel, are marked in black. Locations referred to in the text: A - Lake Päijänne, B - Espoo, C - Mikkeli, D - Ruokolahti. Data: FHA, GTK Hakku, Rantanen et al. 2021. Image: E. Oksanen
Figure 11: Empirical cumulative distance function applied to round and oval concave brooches against A: the nearest route and B: the nearest cross-country route as mapped by Rantanen et al. 2021. Data: FHA, Rantanen et al. 2021. Image: E. Oksanen
Figure 12: Two similar oval concave brooches recovered (a) in Tuukkala, near Mikkeli in eastern Finland (KM 2481:44) and (b) in Espoo on the southern coast (KM 40709:1). The images are not to the same scale. Photo: FHA
Figure 13: An animal pendant (KM 26387) of two horse figures facing away from each other, recovered in Salla, eastern Lapland. Image: FHA
Figure 14: A Permian three-headed eagle pendant from Laukko in Vesilahti (KM 40913:1). Photo: Finnish Heritage Agency/Finna.fi CC BY 4.0
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