Cite this as: Gaunt, K, van Tongeren, T. and Christie, C. 2024 Fenland Fields: Evolving Settlement and Agriculture on the Roddon at Viking Link Substation, Bicker Fen, Lincolnshire, Internet Archaeology 67. https://doi.org/10.11141/ia.67.10
Archaeological mitigation undertaken by Headland Archaeology (UK) Ltd at Bicker Fen, Lincolnshire, uncovered the remains of two distinctly different enclosure systems situated on a raised roddon (the dried raised bed of a watercourse). The earliest of these systems was characterised by a series of inter-linked enclosures that formed part of a larger complex farmstead developing around the mid-2nd century AD. The enclosure system subsequently evolved through phases of maintenance and expansion, potentially following changes in agricultural practice or as a result of environmental influences. Features in the northern part of the excavation provide some evidence for industrial activity, including iron smithing and bone working, within the settlement. Zooarchaeological evidence, however, suggests that the main economic focus of this rural community was beef production. It seems that the farmstead remained occupied until at least the 4th century AD, with radiocarbon dates suggesting continued activity of some kind into the 5th century.
The Saxon field system was situated to the east of the Roman settlement and is geographically independent. The system is less substantial in nature than the Roman enclosures, characterised by curvilinear boundaries and irregular enclosure sizes. Radiocarbon dating suggests that activity took place between the 6th and 10th centuries AD. During this phase, the focus appears to have been pastoralism. This, together with the transient nature of the system and many maintenance phases, suggests seasonal or otherwise ad hoc land use away from the core of any settlement.
Kim Gaunt
kim.gaunt@headlandarchaeology.com
Headland Archaeology (UK) Ltd (Scotland)
Tim van Tongeren
tim.vantongeren@headlandarchaeology.com
Headland Archaeology (UK) Ltd (Midlands and West)
Corresponding author: Claire Christie
claire.christie@headlandarchaeology.com
Headland Archaeology (UK) Ltd (Scotland)
Figure 1: Viking Link Convertor Station site location. Image credit: Headland Archaeology (UK)
Figure 2: Roman and early medieval activity within 5km of Viking Link. Image credit: Headland Archaeology (UK)
Figure 3: Topographic survey of the site showing the archaeological features extending across the higher ground. Image credit: Headland Archaeology (UK)
Figure 4: Site development over time (video). Image credit: Headland Archaeology (UK)
Figure 5: Phased site plan of the Roman activity. Image credit: Headland Archaeology (UK)
Figure 6: Site plan with excavated sections. Image credit: Headland Archaeology (UK)
Figure 7: Photograph of Structure 1. Image credit: Headland Archaeology (UK)
Figure 8: Density of northern intercutting ditches relating to Roman industry during excavation. Image credit: Headland Archaeology (UK)
Figure 9: Drome image of features extending to the east. Image credit: Headland Archaeology (UK)
Figure 10: Eastern expansion fill sequence, with cattle lower right hind leg ABG in situ. Image credit: Headland Archaeology (UK)
Figure 11: Site plan of Anglo-Saxon activity in the east. Image credit: Headland Archaeology (UK)
Figure 12: Phased Anglo-Saxon Activity. Image credit: Headland Archaeology (UK)
Figure 13: Anglo-Saxon enclosures. Image credit: Headland Archaeology (UK)
Figure 14: Anglo-Saxon activity: central midden area. Image credit: Headland Archaeology (UK)
Figure 15: North-facing section of intercutting Saxon enclosure ditches, Enclosure 3
Figure 16: Anglo-Saxon activity in the west. Image credit: Headland Archaeology (UK)
Figure 17: South-western enclosures. Image credit: Headland Archaeology (UK)
Figure 18: Anglo-Saxon activity: ditches of open field system. Image credit: Headland Archaeology (UK)
Figure 19: Drone photograph looking north over the site mid-excavation. Image credit: Headland Archaeology (UK)
Figure 20: SPE1 (1609); GREY; TAZZA body sherds of hard-fired grey ware vessel, three sections to body with notched cordons. Image credit: Headland Archaeology (UK)
Figure 21: Tazza reconstruction (3D model). Image credit: Headland Archaeology (UK)
Figure 22: SPE1 (3110) MONV; large fragment of reed-rimmed mortaria with slag grits; (D&P 1760-1770). Image credit: Headland Archaeology (UK)
Figure 23: SMR06 (4364) NVCC; rim from narrow-necked jar; four grooves around; Perrin 1999, 99; type 191. Image credit: Headland Archaeology (UK)
Figure 24: SPE1 (1867) GREY; partial rim of collar-rimmed jar (D&P 1022-6) without notched decoration - present at both Rookery Lane and Swanpool. Image credit: Headland Archaeology (UK)
Figure 25: SPE2 (4110) GREY; everted rim jar; burnt exterior surface with residue; post-firing hole with associated spalling to shoulder; potential suspension hole; same vessel as 4243. Image credit: Headland Archaeology (UK)
Figure 26: SPE2 (4180) GREY; curved rim jar; D&P type Fig104. 985-7; double groove below shoulder. Image credit: Headland Archaeology (UK)
Figure 27: SMR6 (4543) LIM; hump-shoulder globular, rim top flat; rim diam 170mm. Image credit: Headland Archaeology (UK)
Figure 28: Fabrics present by phase (weight (g)). Image credit: Headland Archaeology (UK)
Figure 29: Forms present by phase (weight (g)). Image credit: Headland Archaeology (UK)
Figure 30: Partial gas chromatograms of acid-extracted FAMEs from Viking Link pottery extracts of a. VIK01, IASH necked jar, b. VIK10, DWSH everted rim jar; red circles, n-alkanoic acids (fatty acids, FA); * denotes sulfur; IS, internal standard, C34 n-tetratriacontane. Numbers denote carbon chain length. Image credit: Headland Archaeology (UK)
Figure 31: Graphs showing: a. δ13C values for the C16:0 and C18:0 fatty acids for archaeological fats extracted from the Viking Link ceramics. The three fields correspond to the P=0.684 confidence ellipses for animals raised on a strict C3 diet in Britain (Copley et al. 2003). Each data point represents an individual vessel. Figure b. shows the Δ13C (δ13C18:0 - δ13C16:0) values from the same potsherds. The ranges shown here represent the mean ± 1 s.d. of the Δ13C values for a global database comprising modern reference animal fats from Africa (Dunne et al. 2012), UK (animals raised on a pure C3 diet) (Dudd and Evershed 1998), Kazakhstan (Outram et al. 2009), Switzerland (Spangenberg et al. 2006) and the Near East (Gregg et al. 2009), published elsewhere. Image credit: Headland Archaeology (UK)
Figure 32a: a Glass bead - sample 53; Pit [1417], (1418). Image credit: Headland Archaeology (UK) Figure 32b: Glass bottle - Ditch [1651], (1654). Image credit: Headland Archaeology (UK)
Figure 33: a Worked bone - Ditch [1846], (1849). b Bone pin - Ditch [1407], (1409) c Bone pin - SF2; Ditch [1395], (1396) d Bone peg/roughout - two complete pieces; Ditch [1407], (1409) e Bone peg/roughout - two complete pieces; Ditch [1820], (1822). Image credit: Headland Archaeology (UK)
Figure 34: Bone comb - SF4000; Ditch [4365], (4368) a. line drawing b, photograph. Image credit: Headland Archaeology (UK)
Figure 35: Industrial waste - smithing hearth bottoms from 1387 and 1826. Image credit: Headland Archaeology (UK)
Figure 36: SMR6 - Whetstone - Ditch 4315 (4316). Image credit: Headland Archaeology (UK)
Figure 37: Principal Component Analysis - humerus: VLSS chicken compared with modern heritage breeds. Image credit: Headland Archaeology (UK)
Figure 38: Principal Component Analysis - tarsometatarsus: VLSS chicken compared with modern heritage breeds. Image credit: Headland Archaeology (UK)
Figure 39: Log-scaled breadths of Romano-British (n = 27) and middle Saxon (n = 12) cattle elements relative to a standard (0.00). Image credit: Headland Archaeology (UK)
Figure 40: Relative proportions of main domestic animals using MNI (Figure 40a) and NISP (Figure 40b)
Figure 41: Percentages of cattle (using NISP) from Romano-British farms in the Fens. Image credit: Headland Archaeology (UK)
Figure 42: Cattle epiphyses fused/fusing in each of four age categories, by period. Image credit: Headland Archaeology (UK)
Figure 43: Calibrated radiocarbon results from Viking Link, Lincolnshire. Image credit: Headland Archaeology (UK)
Figure 44: Chronological model for the dated activity from SPE1 and SMR6 from the Viking Link excavations. Each distribution represents the relative probability that an event occurred at some particular time. For each of the radiocarbon measurements two distributions have been plotted, one in outline, which is the result of simple radiocarbon calibration, and a solid one, which is based on the chronological model use. The other distributions correspond to aspects of the model. For example, 'start: Viking Link - SPE1' is the estimated date that activity began at SPE1, based on the radiocarbon dating results. The large square 'brackets' along with the OxCal keywords define the overall model. Image credit: Headland Archaeology (UK)
Figure 45: Span of dated activity in SPE1 and SMR6 at Viking Link, Lincolnshire. The span is derived from the modelling shown in Figure 44. Image credit: Headland Archaeology (UK)
Figure 46: Chronological model using the alternative prior information for SPE1 at Viking Link. The model is as described in Figure 44. Image credit: Headland Archaeology (UK)
Table 1: Radiocarbon dates from Viking Link Converter Station calibrated in OxCal 4.4.2 (Bronk Ramsey (2009); r5 Atmospheric data from Reimer et al (2020); dates within the text presented at 95.4% probability) and rounded outward to 10 years.
Table 2: Roman enclosure dimension
Table 3: Expansion enclosures dimensions
Table 4: Summary of assemblage by stratigraphic phase
Table 5: Fabric codes and description
Table 6: Distribution of Early Anglo-Saxon (EAS) pottery by fabric
Table 7: Distribution of fabrics by site phase (MNV)
Table 8: Sample name, site, context, spot date, period, vessel type, lipid concentration (µg g-1), δ13C and Δ13C values and attributions of pottery lipid residues from the Viking Link site.
Table 9: Summary of Glass by Area and Phase
Table 10: Summary of Metalwork by Area and Phase
Table 11: Quantities and residue types per site subdivision
Table 12: Viking Link: Hand collected vertebrate remains. Number of identified specimens (NISP) by phase. Associated bone groups (ABGs) counted as one bone.
Table 13: Viking Link: Hand-collected vertebrate remains (mammal bone). Minimum number of individuals (MNI) by phase with percentage of total identified specimens per species.
Table 14: Viking Link: Ageable mandibles and teeth categorised by tooth wear stage, following O'Connor (2003).
Table 15: Viking Link: Fish bone, from samples and hand-collected (HC).
Table 16: Viking Link: Vertebrate remains recovered from sample residues. Key:'sq' = semi-quantitative abundance score relating to bone fragments; '1' = rare (1-5); '2' = occasional (6-15); '3' = frequent (16-50); '4' = abundant (51-200); '5' = super-abundant (200+); '(g)'' = grams; 'MLD' = maximum linear dimension in mm
Table 17: Overview of samples assessed by scheme area
Table 18: Hand collected charcoal (SMR6 & SPE1)
Table 19: Hand collected marine shell
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