A Route Well Travelled. The archaeology of the A14 Huntingdon to Cambridge Road Improvement Scheme

Emma West; Claire Christie; Debora Moretti; Owain Scholma-Mason; Alex Smith

doi:10.11141/ia.67.22

Figure 1.1: Introductory video of the A14 excavations. This video contains audio

The A14 Road Improvement Scheme between Cambridge and Huntingdon in Cambridgeshire gave rise to one of the largest commercial archaeological projects ever undertaken in the UK - 232ha of land mechanically stripped and archaeologically excavated (an area larger than Monaco); c. 75,000 person-days of work and c. 105,000 contexts recorded and analysed. Discoveries ranged from Pleistocene woolly mammoths to 19th-century brick kilns, alongside eight Neolithic and Bronze Age monuments and associated cemeteries, twenty-two Iron Age settlements, thirteen Roman settlements (including a pottery industry), four Saxon settlements, a deserted medieval village, and 19th-century railway remains (Fig. 1.1). This monograph acts as the gateway to the project's findings, outlining the key discoveries and discussing their significance, as well as providing links to further resources, site and specialist reports (see Table 1.1), and our interactive A14 digital archive.

ADS Digital archive: A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire Improvement Scheme: Digital Archive for Archaeological Works

Figure 1.2: Location of A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon Road Improvement Scheme

Archaeologically, one of the most impressive things about the A14 excavations is that whole landscapes were excavated in their entirety (Figs 1.2 and 1.3). This contrasts to what is often the case in developer-led investigations when 'parts' of landscapes, be that corners of settlements or edges of agricultural systems, are investigated, leaving large parts of the story 'beyond the limit of excavation'. Instead, we were fortunate to excavate entire settlements, some multi-period, their surrounding agricultural land, monuments, the infrastructure networks that connected these areas, and the areas between. This gave us the opportunity to understand the use of the past landscape in a holistic and nuanced way, investigating why and how parts of the landscape were used in certain ways in different periods.

Figure 1.3: Plan of whole scheme, showing all Archaeology [Download image]

The Brampton West Landscape Block is an excellent example of this (see Project Methodology for details of Landscape Blocks). This area mainly comprised a single block of land on the western side of the A1, covering c. 70ha (West et al. 2024) (Figs 1.3 and 1.4). Archaeological remains of all types and periods were investigated, including Neolithic pits representative of transient settlement across the area, Bronze Age cemeteries and ring ditch monuments, middle and late Iron Age settlements and agricultural activity, two Roman settlements with specialised pottery production, three Anglo-Saxon settlements, a deserted medieval village, a post-medieval farm, and two 19th-century brick kilns. What is, however, particularly interesting about the excavation of this area is the way in which the excavation of the different settlements, and the spaces between them, allows us to gain insights into how they operated as separate, yet inter-connected, communities with, for example, boundaries connecting some of the middle-late Iron Age settlements (Settlements 100 and 102) and areas of likely communal pastureland shared between two or three settlement units. Furthermore, the excavation of such a large number of chronologically distinct settlements has enabled an understanding of how communities utilised the land in different ways over time, a prime example being the consolidation of Anglo-Saxon settlement in the northern part of the area from the 8th century onwards.

Figure 1.4: Drone photo of Brampton West Landscape Block

Beyond the archaeological discoveries, the A14 excavations have been an excellent example of collaboration. Multiple commercial and academic institutions came together to work on the project, both during the fieldwork and post-excavation stages, using the same methodology and as part of the same overall team (Fig. 1.5). This included Museum of London Archaeology, Headland Archaeology, Pre-Construct Archaeology, Oxford Archaeology, Cotswold Archaeology, Albion Archaeology, and Co-operativa Archaeologia from Rome. They were supported by members of an academic panel convened for the project and other specialists from numerous universities and research institutions. Local curatorial oversight, monitoring, and regulation work for the scheme was given by Cambridgeshire County Council's Historic Environment Team (CHET), who also ensured that the county's priorities of outreach and learning were an essential part of the project's scope, along with a collaborative approach to the investigations for local contractors and interest groups. Archaeological liaison was provided to the A14's Joint Venture construction team and National Highways by their Archaeological Package Manager. Thanks are due to each and every individual who has worked on the project.

Figure 1.5: Photo of some of the A14 archaeological fieldwork team

General Background to the Project

MOLA-Headland Infrastructure (MHI) were commissioned by the A14 Integrated Delivery Team, on behalf of National Highways, to undertake the archaeological mitigation for the A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon Improvement Scheme. The scheme improved the A14 trunk road in Cambridgeshire between Ellington (on the western outskirts of Huntingdon, TL 189 747) and Milton Junction (on the Cambridge Northern Bypass, TL 409 612). Sections 1-4 of this project included widening the A1 between Alconbury and Brampton, creating a new southern bypass across countryside to the south of the existing A14 between Brampton and Swavesey, and widening the existing A14 carriageway between Swavesey and Girton. Section 5 involved the widening of the North Cambridge Bypass to the Milton Interchange and Section 6 entailed the removal of the extant A14 road and viaduct at Huntingdon with road improvement around the railway station and new local road connections. This scheme was subject to a Development Consent Order (DCO) made by the Secretary of State.

Archaeological mitigation followed a phased evaluation programme of aerial photographic transcription, geophysical survey, fieldwalking along part of the route, and trial trenching. Areas of archaeological interest were defined as either 'Targeted Excavation Areas' (TEAs; where dense archaeological remains were present) or 'Strip Map and Sample Areas' (SMS; expectation of less dense archaeological remains and few geomorphological features). For reporting purposes, all areas are hereafter referred to as 'Targeted Excavation Areas'. Thirty areas along the route were subject to archaeological mitigation (either as TEAs or SMS), covering a total of 232ha. This included areas along the proposed road line, new local access roads, borrow pits, flood compensation areas, compound areas, and soil storage areas. Archaeological investigation was carried out across these sites between October 2016 and January 2022.

All work was undertaken in accordance with the overarching DCO Written Scheme of Investigation for the Archaeological Investigations (Highways England 2015), and the individual Written Schemes of Investigation (WSIs), which covered the excavations within the different landscape blocks (Atkins CH2M 2016a-k). All work was undertaken in response to an initial Archaeological Investigation Brief prepared by Cambridgeshire's Historic Environment Team.

Topography and Geology across the Scheme

Select thumbnail to open project vegetation model

The scheme was located to the west of Cambridge and south of Huntingdon. It crossed a variety of landscapes, with River Terrace Gravels at the western end, the Great Ouse Valley through the centre, and claylands to the east. The project vegetation model (external website) has used the results from the A14 excavations to reconstruct what the past environment along the scheme may have looked like at different points in time, identifying a general decrease in woodland cover (from c. 25% in the Bronze Age down to c. 8-12% in the Roman period), changes to the floodplain environment from the Iron Age with the wetland environments becoming increasingly open, and the expansion of agriculture onto heavier soils from the Iron Age onwards.

The topography of this area is a result of the pattern of rivers and other watercourses that flow northwards into the Cambridgeshire Fens, creating shallow valleys through the low hills to the south of Cambridge and around Huntingdon. Across the A14 scheme, the ground level gently undulates from c. 15m AOD at the western end, descending to c. 10m AOD around the River Great Ouse, rising steeply beyond this and crossing Ermine Street at around 40m AOD, before descending to around 15m AOD and continuing at this lower level into Cambridge.

The River Great Ouse is the principal river that bisects the scheme between the West of Ouse and River Great Ouse Landscape Blocks. The river has a wide and flat floodplain, much of which has been quarried for aggregates thus creating lakes and landfill sites. Smaller tributaries of the River Great Ouse within the scheme are Alconbury Brook (east of the Alconbury Landscape Block), and West Brook/Hall Green Brook (to the east of the Fenstanton Gravels Landscape Block). Palaeochannels of extinct rivers were also recorded in many of the excavation areas.

The bedrock geology of the scheme mainly comprised clay: the Oxford Clay Formation in the west; the mudstone of the West Walton Formation/Ampthill Clay Formation and Kimmeridge Clay Formation towards the centre; and the Gault Formation to the east. Superficial deposits of alluvium, River Terrace Deposits and glacial deposits are present in the western part of the scheme, around Fenstanton, and in another small area around Conington (see Vegetation model for further details).

Archaeological and Historical Background

Significant quantities of archaeological work have been undertaken in this part of the country to date, including the major New Town development at Northstowe just west of Cambridge (Aldred 2021), the North-West Cambridgeshire project, Eddington (Evans and Cessford 2015), town expansion on the east and south-east side of St Neots (Hinman and Zant 2018), further St Neots expansion schemes at Loves Farm East and Wintringham Park currently in progress, and the work along the A428 road scheme (Abrams and Ingham 2008; McKeon and Markus 2020; Fowler and Markus 2020; Finn et al. 2020). This is complemented by significant smaller-scale development-led projects in and around the villages along the A14 corridor, including recent work at Fenstanton (Ingham 2022), Buckden (Clarke 2024), and Brampton (Atkins and Reid 2022), and the large scale long-term investigations at Needingworth Quarry (Evans et al. 2016). Combined, this work has led to the area being one of the most intensively studied areas in British archaeology with, for example, it being used as one of the case-studies in the University of Reading's Roman Rural Settlement Project (Smith et al. 2016). This section summarises the archaeological and historical background of the A14 excavation corridor, primarily using information from the Cambridgeshire Historic Environment Record (CHER). This was supplemented by the revised Regional Research Framework for the East of England and other accessible sources.

Evidence for Palaeolithic activity comprises discoveries of flint flakes, tools, and mammoth remains, concentrated in the gravels around Buckden, Little Paxton, and Fenstanton (CHER 02532, CHER 01692). Similarly, Mesolithic activity, largely flint finds, are concentrated in two areas, around Buckden (CHER 02530, 0253) and towards the eastern end of the scheme (CHER 16860), including a possible flint-working site (chipping floor) identified during fieldwalking at Slate Hall Farm in Oakington (CHER 07796). Increased evidence for Neolithic activity has been identified across this area, including Neolithic tree clearance at Huntingdon Racecourse (CHER 11135); two ditches near Thrapston Road in Brampton (CHER 10704a); pits at Buckden gravel pits (CHER 00861a); and a middle Neolithic ditch in Fen Drayton (CHER 25138). Neolithic monuments are relatively common within the Great Ouse valley (Malim 2000) and examples in this specific area include the cursus and mortuary enclosure excavated during the A1-M1 Link Road project (CHER 02117c; SAM DCB55), monuments identified via cropmarks such as the causewayed enclosure at Brampton Lodge (Bartlett 2009), and the trapezoidal enclosure at Rectory Farm Godmanchester (Lyons 2019).

Bronze Age activity is represented across the area and includes settlement, agricultural features, monuments, and burial features. Evidence for settlement and agriculture includes an area of early Bronze Age settlement at Huntingdon Racecourse (ECB882 and ECB31512); three ditches at Offord Cluny High Street (CHER 15038); two ditches at Boxworth windfarm (CHER 15933); and a late Bronze Age settlement at Longstanton (CHER 16857). Evidence for Bronze Age monuments includes a round barrow excavated at Brampton in the 1960s (CHER 02117); a possible barrow at Huntingdon Racecourse (ECB882 and ECB3152); cropmarks of ring ditches at Van Diemens Lane in Buckden (CHER 08158); four possible barrows in Fen Drayton (CHER 08825); and a ring ditch in Madingley (CHER 08879). The work of the North West Cambridgeshire Project has also revealed a landscape of middle Bronze Age burials, monuments, fields, and settlement features (Evans and Cessford 2015).

Iron Age activity is present across the area and mainly comprises different types of settlement (generally short-lived features relating to early Iron Age settlement, and farmsteads, larger settlements, and 'banjo' enclosures of later Iron Age date) alongside field systems, trackways, and boundaries. These are largely concentrated on the gravels in the western part of the area (Thrapston Road in Brampton CHER 08360, 10704; Margetts Farm in Buckden CHER 02484c, 03429; and Buckden Gravel Pits CHER 00861b, 02060, 02498a). There is also some evidence for Iron Age settlement on the clay to the east (a trend supported by the middle Iron Age settlements uncovered on the clays along the A428 in Bedfordshire; Abrams and Ingham 2008), with cropmarks of enclosures, trackways, boundaries and field systems around Fenstanton, Fen Drayton, and Hilton (CHER 08221, 09903, 23528, 25791, 09164, 096666, 23125; Cox 2014), and the middle and late Iron Age settlements excavated as part of the Northstowe development (CHER 16343, 16861, 16862) and the North West Cambridge project (Evans and Cessford 2015). More widely, Iron Age settlements have been uncovered in large-scale excavations at Clay Farm (Phillips forthcoming) and Trumpington Meadows (Evans et al. 2018) outside Cambridge, and Bears Croft Farm near Godmanchester. This includes examples of middle-late Iron Age settlements arranged on linear 'string' boundaries, as at F49 and F90 on the A428.

Following the Roman Conquest of AD 43, there was an increase in settlement density in the east of England (Smith et al. 2016, 148). Godmanchester and Cambridge developed as Roman 'small towns' and a network of roads were created, with Roman activity in the surrounding countryside mostly comprising farmsteads of various scales and complexity and field systems. There was a concentration of activity on the gravels, particularly towards the western end of the scheme, but also on smaller 'gravel islands' within the claylands to the east. Godmanchester (Durovigutum) was the main Roman town in this area and the scheme passes through its hinterland. Three main Roman roads crossed this area - the road between Chester and Colchester, often termed the via Devana, purported to run along the line of the A14 between Cambridge and Godmanchester (Margary road number 24); Ermine Street (CHER 15045; Margary road number 2), which connected London to York; and the Sandy-Godmanchester road (CHER 17569; Margary road number 22) running east of and approximately parallel with the River Great Ouse towards the west. Roman activity in the western part of the scheme included pottery kilns at RAF Brampton (CHER 20638); a settlement at Meadowview Farm (CHER 10172); a settlement at Buckden Gravel Pits (CHER 00861); and settlement identified in an evaluation adjacent to the B1014 (Burrow and Foard-Colby 2006). Less evidence for Roman activity has been identified in the central part of the scheme, with the exceptions of the excavations at Dairy Crest and Cambridge Road, Fenstanton, which revealed parts of a Roman roadside settlement (Ingham 2022); at Spring Close in Boxworth, which uncovered ladder enclosures, pits, post-holes, and a pottery kiln (CHER 15635, 17880, 18143); and the Roman villa at Fen Drayton (Zeki 2016). Towards the eastern part of the scheme, significant Roman settlement and infrastructure have been identified in the Northstowe project (CHER 16859, 17672, 17673); at the North West Cambridgeshire Project (CHER 19117); and at Vicar's Farm (Evans and Lucas 2020).

There were known centres of Saxon activity within Huntingdon, but evidence for Saxon activity beyond the town was relatively sparse. The only places, outside current village cores, with definite evidence for Anglo-Saxon settlement were Buckden Gravel Pits, where a building, pits, ditches, and post-holes were identified (CHER 00861c, CHER 02498, CHER 02498c); and an extensive Saxon cemetery at Girton College (CHER 05274). More widely, Anglo-Saxon settlement remains have been uncovered at Stratton in Bedfordshire (McOmish et al. 2009), Cottenham in Cambridgeshire (Mortimer and Hall 2000), the cemetery at Oakington (Mortimer et al. 2017), and, more recently, Luck's Lane in Buckden (Clarke 2024).

During the medieval period, the area was characterised by large swathes of agricultural land with intermittent villages and farmsteads. Huntingdon was the major centre of medieval settlement, trade, and industry. Many earlier hamlets became nucleated during this time, with churches at their cores (CHER 00247; CHER 01283; CHER 02458; CHER 14837). Medieval settlement remains have been identified within village cores (e.g. pits, gullies and ovens in Buckden (CHER 20274); ditches and pits on Offord Cluny High Street (CHER 15038); 12th to 14th century ditches and pits at Wilderspin Garage in Fen Drayton (CHER 20414); and post-holes, ditches, and a cobbled surface on Girton High Street (CHER 19641)). Five deserted or 'shrunken' medieval villages are also recorded in this area: Boxworth (CHER 03528, 19346, 23144, 25512), Conington (CHER 25780, 25782, 25784), Fenstanton (CHER 25793, 25794), Lolworth (CHER 03500, 23129, 25514), and Brampton (CHER 11422).

Much of this area remained agricultural throughout the post-medieval and modern periods. The evolution of farming practices and the process of Enclosure saw a move away from the communal open field system to a more divided landscape, which is reflected both in the landscape today and in the archaeological record (field boundaries around Godmanchester CHER 20246; Girton CHER 25525/25716/25717; and Madingley CHER 25527). The existing settlements developed over the post-medieval period, and many post-medieval buildings and other structures are recorded on the CHER within all of the settlements. Larger houses, gardens, and parks were created within some of the settlements, namely Alconbury Park (CHER 12316), Brampton Park (CHER 15297), Buckden Little Park (CHER 12317), Conington Hall and Park (CHER 03510, 12279), Boxworth House (CHER 12029), Lolworth Grange (CHER 12156), and Girton College (CHER 12265). Some evidence for features associated with the two World Wars is recorded in this area, including pillboxes (Brampton Hut CHER 15210; Fen Drayton CHER 15203; Girton CHER 10397) and a Royal Observer Corps Post in Buckden (CHER 16436).

Previous archaeological work was undertaken for both the earlier A14 Ellington to Fen Ditton scheme and the current A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon scheme and provided the information to decide which areas should be archaeologically mitigated. This included aerial photographic assessments (Palmer 2003; Cox 2014); geophysical surveys (Sabin 2004; Bunn 2008; Bartlett 2009; Davis 2016); fieldwalking (Anderson et al. 2009); and trial trenching evaluations (Patten et al. 2009; Jones and Panes 2014; Clarke et al. 2016; Jeffery 2016). These increased our knowledge of the archaeology of the area ahead of the open area excavations, and the results from these are included throughout this monograph where relevant.

Project Methodology

The thirty Targeted Excavation Areas (TEAs) were divided into eight landscape blocks for the post-excavation analysis stage: Alconbury, Brampton West, Brampton South, West of Ouse, River Great Ouse, Fenstanton Gravels, Conington, and Bar Hill - with Section 6, Mill Common and Huntingdon Railway Station, dealt with separately. These landscape blocks were defined by their location and character of the archaeology. Table 1.1 provides an overview of the eight different landscape blocks and the significant archaeology uncovered, with links to the detailed ADS resource for each of them. Figure 1.6 provides a fly-through journey across the A14 landscape, showing how these blocks relate to each other.

Table 1.1: Overview of A14 landscape blocks and links to detailed ADS resource
Landscape Block	TEAs (CHET ECB)	Hectares	Grid Reference (approx. centre)	Geology/topography	Archaeology	Archive DOI
Alconbury	2 (4844), 3 (4845), 4 (4846) and 5 (5160)	7.2	519214 , 273283	River Terrace Gravels, and alluvium around Alconbury Brook	Neolithic henge (Monument 1) Iron Age settlement (Settlements 1 and 2) Roman settlement (Settlements 3 and 4) Saxon building (Settlement 5)	https://doi.org/10.5284/1081249
Brampton West	7 (5046), 8 (5253), 9 (5254), 10 (5047), 11 (5048) and 12 (5049)	75.3	519272 , 270880	River Terrace Gravels	Transient Neolithic activity Bronze Age monuments and cemeteries (Monument 200; Cemeteries 103, 200 and 202) Middle-late Iron Age settlement (Settlements 1, 2, 100, 102 and 202) Roman settlement (Settlements 100 and 201) Saxon settlement (Settlements 3, 4 and 203) Medieval settlement (Settlement 5) Modern farm and brick kilns (Settlement 6)	https://doi.org/10.5284/1081252
Brampton South	10B East (5047) and 13 (5156)	5.8	520074 , 270140	River Terrace Gravels	Late Bronze Age/early Iron Age pit alignment Iron Age settlement (Settlements 1 and 2)	https://doi.org/10.5284/1081251
West of Ouse	14 (5050), 15 (5051) and 16 (5052)	19.5	520565 , 268739	Gravels close to River Great Ouse	Neolithic monument (Monument 1) Bronze Age barrow and cemeteries (Monument 2) Iron Age settlement (Settlements 1 and 2) Roman settlement (Settlements 3 and 4) Saxon buildings (Settlement 5)	https://doi.org/10.5284/1081256
River Great Ouse	19 (5157), 20 (5053) and 21 (5054)	19.5	522566 , 268321	Edge of river (floodplain of River Ouse)	Transient Neolithic activity along palaeochannels Bronze Age monument (Monument 1) Middle-late Iron Age settlement (Settlements 1 and 2) Roman settlement (Settlement 2)	https://doi.org/10.5284/1081255
Fenstanton Gravels	26 (5055), 27 (5155), 28 (5056), 29, (5057) and 31 (5257)	55.8	530115 , 267649	River Terrace Gravels	Two Middle Bronze Age cemeteries (Cemeteries 1 and 3) Early Iron Age settlement (Settlement 2) Middle-late Iron Age settlement (Settlements 1, 3 and 4) Roman settlement (Settlements 3, 4 and 5)	https://doi.org/10.5284/1081254
Conington	32 (5058) and 33 (5059)	21.4	533140 , 267134	West Walton/Ampthill clays	Transient Neolithic activity (Settlement 1) Bronze Age ring ditches (Monuments 1-3), enclosures and field systems (Settlement 2) Iron Age settlement (Settlement 3) Roman settlement (Settlement 4) Early and middle Saxon Settlement (Settlement 5)	https://doi.org/10.5284/1081253
Bar Hill	34 (5060), 37 (5061), 38 (5062), 41 (5159) and 46 (5063)	23.4	539556 , 263160	Clays	Iron Age settlement (Settlements 1, 3, 4 and 5) Roman settlement (Settlements 2 and 5)	https://doi.org/10.5284/1081250

Figure 1.6: Fly-through of whole A14 scheme showing landscape blocks and TEAs

Within each of these landscape blocks, features were grouped using standardised terms, from there into 'land-uses', and from there, where appropriate, into 'Settlements'. They were also assigned to periods, as per the project-wide period list. Details of the methodology followed for this is provided in MHI's 'Guidance for A14 Stratigraphic Analysis' (2020). Each landscape block has its own run of group, land-use, and settlement numbers, so you will see references to, for example, 'Alconbury 1' (or 'A1') for Settlement 1 within the Alconbury landscape block, and 'Brampton West Palaeochannel 1' (or 'BW P1'). The full list of group terms, land-use definitions, and period-list, is included in the guidance document.

All radiocarbon dates presented were calibrated in OxCal 4.4.4 (Bronk Ramsey 2021); r5 Atmospheric data from Reimer et al. (2020). All dates are presented at 95.4% probability and rounded to the nearest 10 (Mook 1986).

Scope and Purpose of the Monograph

ADS Digital archive: A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire Improvement Scheme: Digital Archive for Archaeological Works

This monograph is one of the major outputs of the A14 project, intended to complement the more detailed landscape block reports and specialist overviews contained within the ADS digital archive. The archive includes all scanned context sheets, digital photographs, scanned drawings, specialist data, and geophysics data, as well as a complete interactive GIS plan of the scheme. The archive also contains details of other project outputs, including an array of different journal articles, the vegetation model, digital interactives, popular book, and print landscape monograph. The landscape monograph differs from this Internet Archaeology monograph and places the results from the A14 investigations into their wider context, focusing on specific themes and parts of the A14 story that are considered to have particular research interest.

Figure 1.7: Excavation of prehistoric skeleton on the A14

This monograph is arranged by period, with five chapters (Early Prehistoric, Iron Age, Roman, Anglo-Saxon, and Medieval-Modern) each including a discussion of the A14 evidence, how such evidence fits (or does not fit) within regional and national trends, and any particularly interesting stories or highlights. Interactive maps, images, photos and videos are provided throughout, along with direct links to the A14 digital archive. It is intended to act as a gateway into the A14 project, allowing you to gain an understanding and an overview of our incredible archaeological discoveries, and providing routes for you to explore in more detail those areas that you find most interesting. We hope you enjoy your journey through our A14 archaeological discoveries - whether that involves investigating Bronze Age burials (Fig. 1.7), gaining an understanding of the technicalities behind how Roman pottery kilns functioned, or learning about middle Saxon settlement layouts. This monograph aims to bring to light the lives of the people who once utilised this Cambridgeshire landscape, and the areas where they lived, worked, farmed, socialised and buried their dead, across many thousands of years.

Figure 1.8: Drone photo of TEA 38, part of Bar Hill Landscape Block

← Extended summary | Next chapter →

Primary Sources

Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Translated and edited by Michael Swanton, London 1996
Appicus De Re Coquinaria
Columella De Rustica
Domesday Book, Penguin Books edition 1992
Henry of Huntingdon, Historia Anglorum, Edited by Thomas Arnold, London 1879
Pliny Natural History
Polybius Histories
Tacitus Agricola
Varro De Re Rustica

Secondary Sources

Note: References to other A14 outputs on the Archaeology Data Service (ADS) all have links to that resource. The references to the specialist reports from the different Landscape Block reports typically have associated letters after the date (e.g. Allison 2024a, Allison 2024d), which are fixed references to that particular report and may not run consecutively (a, b, c, etc.) in this bibliography.

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

A

Abrams, J. and Ingham, D. 2008 Farming on the Edge: Archaeological evidence from the clay uplands west of Cambridge, East Anglian Archaeology 123. https://eaareports.org.uk/publication/report123/

Aitken, E. and Wyles, S. 2024 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire: Bar Hill plant remains'. https://doi.org/10.5284/1081250

Albarella, U. 2019 A Review of Animal Bone Evidence from Central England: Discovery, Innovation and Science in the Historic Environment, Research Report Series 61, Historic England.

Albion Archaeology 2022 'Land south of Cambridge Road and the former Dairy Crest site, Fenstanton, Cambridgeshire - Archaeological Mitigation Archive Report', Albion Archaeology [Unpublished Client Report].

Aldred, O. 2021 'Northstowe Phase 2a, Part 1 Cambridgeshire. An Archaeological Excavation Areas A1, AA2, AA3/4 and AA6', Cambridge Archaeological Unit [Unpublished client report].

Aldred, O. and Collins, M. forthcoming Of Other Spaces: Excavations across Longstanton and Oakington Northstowe Phases 1 and 2, CAU Landscape Archives: New archaeologies of the Cambridge region, Cambridge: McDonald Institute.

Alexander, M. and Pullinger, J. 2000 'Roman Cambridge. Excavations on Castle Hill 1956-1988', Proceedings of the Cambridge Antiquarian Society 88, 59-74.

Allen, M. 2014 'Chasing Sylvia's Stag: placing deer in the countryside of Roman Britain' in K. Baker, R. Carden and R. Madgwick (eds) Deer and People, Oxford: Windgather. 174-186. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv13gvgms.18

Allen, M. 2017 'Pastoral farming' in M. Allen, L. Lodwick, T. Brindle, M. Fulford and A. Smith (eds) The Rural Economy of Roman Britain. New Visions of the Countryside of Roman Britain, Vol. 2, London: Britannia Monograph Series 30. 85-135.

Allen, M. and Smith, A. 2016 'Rural settlement in Roman Britain: morphological classification and overview' in A. Smith, M. Allen, T. Brindle and M. Fulford (eds) The Rural Settlement of Roman Britain. New Visions of the Countryside of Roman Britain, Vol. 1, London: Britannia Monograph Series 29. 17-43.

Allen, T. and Kamash, Z. 2008 Excavations at Spring Road Municipal Cemetery, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, 1990-2000 Volume 2, Oxford: Thames Valley Landscape monograph 28.

Allen, T., Miles, D. and Palmer, S. 1981 'Iron Age buildings in the Upper Thames region' in B. Cunliffe and D. Miles (eds) Aspects of the Iron Age in Central Southern Britain, Oxford: University of Oxford, Committee for Archaeology. 89-102.

Allison, E. 2024a 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire: Alconbury Insect Remains'. https://doi.org/10.5284/1081249

Allison, E. 2024d 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire: River Great Ouse Insect Remains'. https://doi.org/10.5284/1081255

Anderson, K. and Brudenell, M. 2010 'The pottery' in C. Evans and L. Ten Harkel (eds) 'Cambridge's early settlement and Via Devana: excavations at Castle Street', Proceedings of the Cambridge Antiquarian Society 99, 35-61.

Anderson, K., Hall, D. and Standring, R. 2009 'A Fieldwalking Survey of the Proposed A14 Route between Ellington and Girton', Cambridge Archaeological Unit [Unpublished client report]. https://doi.org/10.17863/CAM.100774

Armit, I. 2012 Headhunting and the Body in Iron Age Europe, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139016971

Armour, N., Dodwell, N. and Timberlake, S. 2007 'The Roman Cemetery, The Babraham Institute, Cambridgeshire: An Archaeological Excavation', Cambridge Archaeological Unit [Unpublished client report 754].

Arnold, C. and Wardle, D. 1981 'Early medieval settlement patterns in England', Medieval Archaeology 25, 145-9.

Atkins CH2M 2016a 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon Improvement Scheme: Archaeological Mitigation Scheme; Archaeological Mitigation Specification: Section 1 Alconbury South', [Unpublished client report].

Atkins CH2M 2016b 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon Improvement Scheme: Archaeological Mitigation Scheme; Archaeological Mitigation Specification: Section 1 Ellington North', [Unpublished client report].

Atkins CH2M 2016c 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon Improvement Scheme: Archaeological Mitigation Scheme; Archaeological Mitigation Specification: Section 2 Brampton River Gravels', [Unpublished client report].

Atkins CH2M 2016d 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon Improvement Scheme: Archaeological Mitigation Scheme; Archaeological Mitigation Specification: Great Ouse Crossing', [Unpublished client report].

Atkins CH2M 2016e 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon Improvement Scheme: Archaeological Mitigation Scheme; Archaeological Mitigation Specification: Ermine Street West', [Unpublished client report].

Atkins CH2M 2016f 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon Improvement Scheme: Archaeological Mitigation Scheme; Archaeological Mitigation Specification: Ermine Street East' [Unpublished client report].

Atkins CH2M 2016g 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon Improvement Scheme: Archaeological Mitigation Scheme; Archaeological Mitigation Specification: Potton Road Gravels', [Unpublished client report].

Atkins CH2M 2016h 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon Improvement Scheme: Archaeological Mitigation Scheme; Archaeological Mitigation Specification: A14 Roman Road South', [Unpublished client report].

Atkins CH2M 2016i 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon Improvement Scheme: Archaeological Mitigation Scheme; Archaeological Mitigation Specification: Swavesey South' [Unpublished client report].

Atkins CH2M 2016j 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon Improvement Scheme: Archaeological Mitigation Scheme; Archaeological Mitigation Specification: Bar Hill North', [Unpublished client report].

Atkins CH2M 2016k 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon Improvement Scheme: Archaeological Mitigation Scheme; Archaeological Mitigation Specification: Bar Hill East', [Unpublished client report].

Atkins, R. 2024 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire: Fenstanton Gravels Landscape Block Analysis Report'. https://doi.org/10.5284/1081254

Atkins, R. and Douthwaite, A. 2024 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire: River Great Ouse Landscape Block Analysis Report'. https://doi.org/10.5284/1081255

Atkins, R. and Reid, A. 2022 'Early Anglo-Saxon settlement and a mid to late seventh-century cemetery on land west of Brampton', Proceedings of the Cambridge Antiquarian Society 61, 117-44.

Atkinson, R.J.C., Piggott, C.M. and Sandars, N.K. 1951 Excavations at Dorchester, Oxon. First Report, Oxford: Ashmolean Museum.

B

Bailey, L. 2024f 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire: West of Ouse Charcoal'. https://doi.org/10.5284/1081256

Bailey, L. 2024i 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire: Conington Charcoal. https://doi.org/10.5284/1081253

Balchin, N. and Filby, P. 2001 A Guide to the Industrial Archaeology of Cambridgeshire and Peterborough, Association for Industrial Archaeology.

Bamford, H.M. 1982 Beaker Domestic Sites in the Fen Edge and East Anglia, East Anglian Archaeology 16. https://eaareports.org.uk/publication/report16/

Bang, P.F. 2008 The Roman Bazaar: a comparative study of trade and markets in a tributary empire, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Banks, P. and Perrin, R. 2024 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire: Fenstanton Gravels Iron Age and Roman pottery'. https://doi.org/10.5284/1081254

Barrett, J. 1989 'Food, gender and metal: questions of social reproduction' in M.L.S. Sørensen and R. Thomas (eds) From Bronze to Iron: The Bronze Age-Iron Age transition in Europe, British Archaeological Reports (Int. Ser.) 483, Oxford: Archaeopress.

Barrett, J.C. 1990 'The monumentality of death: the character of Early Bronze Age mortuary mounds in southern Britain', World Archaeology 22(2), 179-189. https://doi.org/10.1080/00438243.1990.9980139

Barrett, J., Bradley, R.J. and Green, M.T. 1991 Landscape, Monuments and Society: the prehistory of Cranborne Chase, Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511735578

Bartlett, A.D.H. 2009 'A14 Improvement Ellington to Fen Ditton, Cambridgeshire. Report on Archaeogeophysical Surveys of Areas GP1 to GP7 (2008) and Proposed Reservoir Sites (2009)'.

Barton, R.N.E., Berridge, P.J., Walker, M.J. and Bevins, R.E. 1995 'Persistent places in the Mesolithic landscape: an example from the Black Mountain uplands of South Wales', Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 61, 81-116. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0079497X00003042

Beresford, M.W. 1951 'The lost villages of Medieval England', The Geographical Journal 117(2), 129-147. https://doi.org/10.2307/1791650

Beresford, M. and Hurst, J. 1990 Wharram Percy Deserted Medieval Village, English Heritage.

Betts, I. 2024b 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire: Brampton West Ceramic Building Material'. https://doi.org/10.5284/1081252

Biddulph, E. 2015 'Residual or Ritual? Pottery from the backfills of graves and other features in Roman cemeteries' in T. Brindle, M. Allen, E. Durham and A. Smith (eds) Proceedings of the Twenty-first Annual Theoretical Roman Archaeology Conference, Oxford: Oxbow Books. 41-53. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvh1dw2c.7

Billington, L.P. 2016a Lithic Scatters and Landscape Occupation in the Late Upper Palaeolithic and Mesolithic: A Case Study from Eastern England, PhD thesis, University of Manchester. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/files/54591471/FULLTEXT.PDF [Last accessed: 26 July 2021].

Billington, L.P. 2016b 'The Mesolithic' in C. Evans, J. Tabor and M. Vander Linden Twice-crossed River: Prehistoric and Palaeoenvironmental Investigations at Barleycroft Farm/Over, Cambridgeshire, The Archaeology of the Lower Ouse Valley 2, Cambridge: McDonald Institute Monograph. 128-35.

Billington, L.P. 2016c 'Worked flint' in C. Evans, J. Tabor and M. Vander Linden Twice-crossed River: Prehistoric and Palaeoenvironmental Investigations at Barleycroft Farm/Over, Cambridgeshire, The Archaeology of the Lower Ouse Valley 2, Cambridge: McDonald Institute Monograph. 153-59.

Billington, L.P. 2021a 'Palaeolithic to Mesolithic resource assessment', East of England Research Framework. https://researchframeworks.org/eoe/resource-assessments/palaeolithic-and-mesolithic/ [Last accessed: 6 December 2021].

Billington, L.P. 2021b 'Worked and unworked flint' in A. Haskins and P. Philips Mesolithic to Post-medieval Activity at Bartlow Road, Linton, Cambridgeshire, Client Report: Oxford Archaeology East.

Billington L.P. and Brudenell, M. forthcoming 'Ingress and Expansion: The development and dynamics of Iron Age settlement and land use along the A14 corridor' in West E. et al. (eds) Time Travellers' Tales: Essays from the A14 Cambridge to Huntington Archaeological Excavations, MHI Monograph.

Birrell, J.R. 1980 'Peasant craftsmen in the Medieval forest', The Agricultural History Review 17(2), 91-107.

Bishop, R.R. 2015 'Did Late Neolithic farming fail or flourish? A Scottish perspective on the evidence for Late Neolithic arable cultivation in the British Isles', World Archaeology 47(5), 834-855. https://doi.org/10.1080/00438243.2015.1072477

Black, E. 1994 'Villa-owners: Romano-British gentlemen and officers', Britannia 25, 99-110. https://doi.org/10.2307/526990

Blackbourn, K. 2017 Middle to Late Bronze Age funerary activity and Late Bronze Age occupation at Field End, Witchford [Unpublished client report]

Blackbourn, K. 2021 A Bronze Age Barrow with associated funerary evidence and a Roman trackway at Horseheath Road, Linton. Post-Excavation Assessment and Updated Project Design, Oxford Archaeology East.

Blackmore, L. 2024b 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire: Brampton West Registered Finds: Anglo-Saxon'. https://doi.org/10.5284/1081252

Blackmore, L. 2024c 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire: West of Ouse Registered Finds: Anglo-Saxon'. https://doi.org/10.5284/1081256

Blackmore, L. 2024d 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire: Conington Registered Finds: Anglo-Saxon'. https://doi.org/10.5284/1081253

Blackmore, L. 2024e 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon Improvement Scheme Specialist Analysis Report: The Anglo-Saxon Registered Small Finds Overview'. https://doi.org/10.5284/1081262

Blackmore, L. and Blinkhorn, P. 2024 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire: Brampton West Post-Roman pottery'. https://doi.org/10.5284/1081252

Blair, J. 2018 Building Anglo-Saxon England, Princeton: Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400889907

Blair, J. and Cole, A. in prep Functional Place-Names in the Anglo-Saxon Landscape

Blair, J., Rippon, S. and Smart, C. 2020 Planning in the Early Medieval Landscape, Liverpool University Press.

Blinkhorn, P. 2012 The Ipswich Ware Project: Ceramics, trade, and society in Middle Saxon England, Medieval Pottery Research Group Occasional Paper 7.

Blinkhorn, P. 2024f 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire: Conington Post-Roman Pottery'. https://doi.org/10.5284/1081253

Boismier, W.A. 2021 'Lithic assemblage assessment' in W.A. Boismier, D.S. Young, R. Banerjea, C.R. Batchelor, T. Hill, J-L. Schwenninger, J. Weinstock and L. Goodman TEA28 BP3 Palaeolithic Watching Brief. Assessment Report and Updated Project Design. Volume 2: Technical Reports, 69-70.

Boismier, W.A., Allison, E., Ardis, C., Banerjea, R., Batchelor, C.R., Dark, P., Dudgeon, K., Green, C.P., Henderson, E., Ladocha, J., Weinstock, J., Young, D.S. and Schwenninger, J.-L. 2024 Investigation of Borrow Pit TEA28 BP3, Fenstanton, Cambridgeshire, UK, Internet Archaeology 67. https://doi.org/10.11141/ia.67.23

Boismier, W.A., Young, D.S., Banerjea, R., Batchelor, C.R., Hill, T., Schwenninger, J-L., Weinstock, J. and Goodman, L. 2021 TEA28 BP3 Palaeolithic Watching Brief. Assessment Report and Updated Project Design.

Booth, T.J., Brück, J., Brace, S. and Barnes, I. 2020 'Tales from the supplementary information: ancestry change in Chalcolithic-Early Bronze Age Britain was gradual with varied kinship organization', Cambridge Archaeological Journal 31(3), 379-400. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0959774321000019

Boulter, S. and Walton Rogers, P. 2012 Circles and Cemeteries: Excavations at Flixton Volume I, East Anglian Archaeology 147. https://eaareports.org.uk/publication/report147/

Bourne, J. 2017 The Place-Name Kingston and Royal Power in Middle Anglo-Saxon England, British Archaeological Reports B630, Oxford: Archaeopress. https://doi.org/10.30861/9781407315683

Bowsher, J. and Humphreys, O. 2024d 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire: Fenstanton Gravels coins'. https://doi.org/10.5284/1081254

Bowsher, J. 2024f 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire: Bar Hill Coins and Tokens'. https://doi.org/10.5284/1081250

Bradley, R. 1998 The Significance of Monuments. On the shaping of human experience in Neolithic and Bronze Age Europe, London: Routledge.

Bradley, R. 2003 'Neolithic expectations' in I. Armit, E. Murphy, E. Nelis and E. Simpson (eds) Neolithic Settlement in Ireland and Western Britain, Oxford: Oxbow Books. 218-22.

Bradley, R. 2007 The Prehistory of Britain and Ireland, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511618574

Brindle, T. 2017 'Coins and markets in the countryside' in M. Allen, L. Lodwick, T. Brindle, M. Fulford and A. Smith (eds) The Rural Economy of Roman Britain. New Visions of the Countryside of Roman Britain, Vol 2, London: Britannia Monograph Series 30. 237-77.

Brittain, M. and Evans, C. 2019 The War Field Villa (Site VII) and other Phase 2 investigations (Sites I, VI and X), Cambridge Archaeological Unit [Unpublished client report 1435].

Brogan, S.N.B. 2022 These little piggies: Can geometric morphometrics provide insight into the exploitation strategies and diversity of suids from south-east England?, MA dissertation, University of Reading.

Brown, A.G., Meadows, I., Turner, S.D. and Mattingly, D.J. 2001 'Roman vineyards in Britain: stratigraphic and palynological data from Wollaston in the Nene Valley, England', Antiquity 75(290), 745-757. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003598X00089250

Brown, L. 2008 'Charon's Obols? A case study in the role of coins in Roman burial ritual space' in C. Fenwick, M. Wiggins and D. Wythe (eds) TRAC 2007: Proceedings of the Seventeenth Annual Theoretical Roman Archaeology Conference, London 2007, Oxford: Oxbow Books. 121-130. https://doi.org/10.16995/TRAC2007_121_130

Brück, J. 1999 'Houses, lifecycles and deposition on Middle Bronze Age settlements in southern England', Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 65, 145-166. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0079497X00001973

Brück, J. 2000 'Settlement, landscape and social identity: the Early-Middle Bronze Age transition in Wessex, Sussex and the Thames Valley', Oxford Journal of Archaeology 19(3), 273-300. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0092.00110

Brück, J. 2007 'The character of Late Bronze Age settlement in southern Britain' in C. Haselgrove and R. Pope (eds) The Earlier Iron Age in Britain and the near Continent, Oxford: Oxbow Books. 24-38. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvh1dwqj.4

Brück, J. 2014 'Cremation, gender, and concepts of the self in the British Early Bronze Age' in C.P. Quinn, G. Cooney and I. Kuijt (eds) Transformation by Fire: The archaeology of cremation in cultural context, Arizona: University of Arizona Press. 119-39.

Brück, J. 2019 Personifying Prehistory: relational ontologies in Bronze Age Britain and Ireland, Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198768012.001.0001

Brück, J. and Booth, T.J. 2022 'The Power of Relics: the curation of human bone in British Bronze Age burials', European Journal of Archaeology 25(4), 440-462. https://doi.org/10.1017/eaa.2022.18

Brudenell, M.J. 2012 Pots, practice and society: an investigation of pattern and variability in the post-Deverel Rimbury ceramic tradition of East Anglia, PhD Thesis, University of York. https://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/14230/1/629465.pdf

Brudenell, M. 2021 'Late Bronze Age to middle Iron Age Resource Assessment', East Anglian Regional Research Framework. https://researchframeworks.org/eoe/resource-assessments/late-bronze-age-to-middle-iron-age/

Brudenell, M., Barker, C., Tabor, J. and Wakefield, C. 2023 'Prehistoric continuity in the Cambridgeshire landscape: exploring recent excavations at Needingworth Quarry', Current Archaeology, July 29 2023. https://the-past.com/news/prehistoric-continuity-in-the-cambridgeshire-landscape-exploring-recent-excavations-at-needingworth-quarry/# [Last accessed December 2024]

Brughmans, T. and Pecci, A. 2020 'An inconvenient truth: evaluating the impact of amphora reuse through computational simulation modelling' in C.E. Duckworth and A. Wilson (eds) Recycling and Reuse in the Roman Economy, Oxford: Oxford University Press. 191-234. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198860846.003.0006

Buckland, P.C. 1978 'Cereal production, storage and population a caveat' in S. Limbrey and J.G. Evans (eds) The Effect of Man on the Landscape: the Lowland Zone, London: Council for British Archaeology Research Report 21. 43-5.

Bunn, D. (PCA) 2008 'Gradiometer Survey: A14 Ellington to Fen Ditton Improvements'.

Burrow, A. and Foard-Colby, A. 2006 Archaeological Evaluation at Brampton Road, Buckden Road, Buckden, Cambridgeshire, Northamptonshire Archaeology, Report no. 06/146 [Unpublished client report].

Butler, C. 2005 Prehistoric Flintwork, Stroud: The History Press.

C

Campbell, G. 2000 'Plant utilization: the evidence from charred plant remains' in B. Cunliffe The Danebury Environs Programme. The Prehistory of a Wessex Landscape, Oxford: Institute of Archaeology. 45-59.

Campbell, G. and Robinson, M. 2010 'The environmental evidence in Raunds Area Project (England)' in A. Chapman (ed) West Cotton, Raunds: a study of medieval settlement dynamics, AD 450-1450: excavation of a deserted medieval hamlet in Northamptonshire, 1985-89, Oxford: Oxbow Books. 427-515. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv2p7j610.25

Campbell, K.G. 1997 'Spelt: agronomy, genetics, and breeding', Plant Breeding Reviews 15, Oxford: John Wiley and Sons. 187-213. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470650097.ch6

Carlyle, S. and Chapman, A. 2002 Neolithic and Beaker Pits and a late Bronze Age/early Iron Age Droveway and Enclosure at Fenstanton, Cambridgeshire. Northamptonshire Archaeology Report.

Carpenter, D. 2008 'The Greater Part of the Vill was there': the struggle of the men of Brampton against their lord', Fine of the Month (December 2008; March 2009). https://frh3.org.uk/content/month/fm-12-2008.html and https://frh3.org.uk/content/month/fm-03-2009.html [Last accessed: 12 June 2021].

Caswell, E. and Roberts, B.W. 2018 'Reassessing community cemeteries: cremation burials in Britain during the Middle Bronze Age (c. 1600-1150 cal BC)', Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 84, 329-357. https://doi.org/10.1017/ppr.2018.9

Chadwick, A.M. 2010 Fields for discourse. Landscape and materialities of being in South and West Yorkshire and Nottinghamshire during the Iron Age and Romano-British periods. A study of people and place, PhD thesis, University of Wales Newport. https://doi.org/10.5284/1000124

Chapman, A. 2010 West Cotton, Raunds: a study of medieval settlement dynamics, AD 450-1450: excavation of a deserted medieval hamlet in Northamptonshire, 1985-89, Oxford: Oxbow Books. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv2p7j610

Chapman, A., Carlyle, S. and Leigh, D. 2005 'Neolithic and Beaker pits and a Bronze Age landscape at Fenstanton, Cambridgeshire', Proceedings of the Cambridge Antiquarian Society 94, 5-20.

Cherry, J. 1991 'Leather' in J. Blair and N. Ramsay (eds) English Medieval Industries, London: A&C Black. 295-319.

Christiansen, S. 1978 'Infield-outfield systems - characteristics and developments in different climatic environments', Geografisk Tidsskrift-Danish Journal of Geography 77(1), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1080/00167223.1978.10649086

Christie, C. 2024 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire: West of Ouse Landscape Block Analysis Report'. https://doi.org/10.5284/1081256

Christie, C. forthcoming 'Conspicuous by its absence: Bronze Age settlement on the A14' in E. West, C. Christie, O. Scholma-Mason, L. Billington, M. Brudenell, D. Moretti and A. Smith (eds) Time Travellers' Tales: Essays from the A14 Cambridge to Huntington Archaeological Excavations, MHI Monograph.

Clarke, G. et al. 2016 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon Improvement Scheme: Early Works Programme Archaeological Evaluation Report'. https://eprints.oxfordarchaeology.com/4878/

Clarke, R. 2006 Prehistoric activity, medieval occupation and post-medieval industry to the rear of Walden House, Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire: Post-excavation assessment and updated project design Report No. 858, Cambridge Archaeology [Unpublished client report].

Clarke, G. 2024 'A Middle Bronze Age Cremation Cemetery and an Anglo-Saxon Estate Centre at Stirtloe Lane and Lucks Lane, Buckden, Cambridgeshire Volume 1: Archaeological Excavation Report', internal report, Oxford Archaeology.

Clay, P. 2002 The Prehistory of the East Midlands Claylands. Aspects of settlement and land-use from the Mesolithic to the Iron Age in central England, Leicester Archaeology Monograph 9, Leicester: School of Archaeology and Ancient History, Leicester University. https://hdl.handle.net/2381/9428

Cleal, R. 1999 'The what, where, when and why of Grooved Ware' in R. Cleal and A. MacSween (eds) Grooved Ware in Britain and Ireland, Neolithic Studies Group Seminar Papers 3, Oxford: Oxbow Books. 1-8.

Collins, M. 2016 Northstowe, Phase 1 Cambridgeshire. Archaeological Post Excavation Assessment (Vol. 2). Areas F1, F2 and K, Unpublished Cambridge Archaeological Unit Report 1348.

Condron, F. 1997 'Iron production in Leicestershire, Rutland and Northamptonshire in Antiquity', Transactions of the Leicestershire Archaeology and History Society 71, 1-20.

Cool, H.E.M. 1983 A study of the Roman personal ornaments made of metal, excluding brooches, from southern Britain, PhD Thesis, University of Cardiff.

Cool, H.E.M. 2006 Eating and Drinking in Roman Britain, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511489570

Cool, H.E.M. 2011 'Funerary contexts' in L. Allason-Jones (ed) Artefacts in Roman Britain. Their purpose and use, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 293-314.

Cool, H.E.M. 2020 'Vessel glass' in D.W. Fell (ed) A1 Leeming to Barton. Contact, concord and conquest. Britons and Romans at Scotch Corner, Northern Archaeological Associates Monograph Series 5.

Cool, H.E.M. and Baxter, M.J. 2016 'Brooches and Britannia', Britannia 47, 71-98. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0068113X16000039

Cooper, A. 2016 ''Held in place': Round barrows in the later Bronze Age of lowland Britain?', Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 82, 291-322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ppr.2016.9

Cooper, A., Garrow, D. and Gibson, C. 2020 'Spectrums of depositional practice in later prehistoric Britain and beyond. Grave goods, hoards and deposits "in between"', Archaeological Dialogues 27(2), 135-157. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1380203820000197

Cooper, A., Garrow, D., Gibson, C., Giles, M., and Wilkin, N. 2022 Grave Goods: objects and death in later prehistoric Britain, Oxford: Oxbow Books. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv2npq9hx

Cox, C. 2014 'A14 Cambridge to Huntington Improvement Scheme, Cambridgeshire: Brampton TL 195 720 to Fen Drayton TL340 370; Assessment of Aerial Photographs for Archaeology', Air Photo Services Ltd [Unpublished client report].

Creighton, J. 2006 Britannia, the Creation of a Province, London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203412749

Creighton, O.H. and Wright, D.W. 2016 The Anarchy: War and Status in 12th-Century Landscapes of Conflict, Liverpool: Liverpool University Press.

Crerar, B. 2016 'Deviancy in late Romano-British burial' in M. Millett, L. Revell and A. Moore (eds) The Oxford Handbook of Roman Britain, Oxford: Oxford University Press. 381-405. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199697731.013.023

Crewe, V. 2011 Barrows and buildings, ditches and dwellings: the appropriation of prehistoric monuments in early to middle Anglo-Saxon settlements, PhD thesis, University of Sheffield. https://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/10375/

Croom, A.T. 2007 Roman Furniture, Stroud: The History Press.

Crummy, N. 2005 'From bracelets to battle-honours: military armillae from the Roman conquest of Britain' in N. Crummy (ed) Image, Craft and the Classical World: essays in honour of Donald Bailey and Catherine Johns, Monographies Instrumentum 29, Montagnac. 93-105.

Cummings, L.B. 2019 Rethinking the henge monuments of the British Isles, PhD thesis, Newcastle University. http://theses.ncl.ac.uk/jspui/handle/10443/4713

Cunliffe, B. 2005 Iron Age Communities in Britain, 4th edn, London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203326053

Cupcea, G. 2016 'On police and administrative duties of the Roman military: regionarii', Acta Musei Napocensis 53(1), 151-77.

Cussans, J. 2024 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire: Alconbury Animal Bone'. https://doi.org/10.5284/1081249

D

Dannell, G. and Wild, J.P. 1987 Longthorpe II The Military Works-depot: An episode in landscape history, London: Britannia Monograph Series 8.

Davies, P., Robb, J.G. and Ladbrook, D. 2005 'Woodland clearance in the Mesolithic: the social aspects', Antiquity 79(304), 280-288. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003598X00114085

Davis, R. (Stratascan) 2016 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon Geophysical Survey Report'. https://doi.org/10.5284/1049554

Dawson, M. (ed) 2000 Prehistoric, Roman, and Post-Roman Landscapes of the Great Ouse Valley, York: Council for British Archaeology Research Report 119.

Dawson, M. 2000a 'The Ouse valley in the Iron Age and Roman periods: a landscape in transition' in M. Dawson (ed) Prehistoric, Roman and post-Roman Landscapes of the Great Ouse Valley, York: Council for British Archaeology Research Report 119. 107-30.

de Grossi Mazzorin, J., Riedel, A. and Tagliacozzo, A. 1998 'Horse remains in Italy from the Eneolithic to the Roman period', Proceedings of the 13th Congress of International Union of Prehistoric and Protohistoric Sciences 6(1), 87-92.

de Ligt, L. 1993 Fairs and Markets in the Roman Empire, Amsterdam: J.C. Gieben. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004525573

Devaney, R. 2024a 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire: Alconbury Flint'. https://doi.org/10.5284/1081249

Devaney, R. 2024b 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire: Brampton South Flint'. https://doi.org/10.5284/1081251

Devaney, R. 2024c 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire: Brampton West Flint'. https://doi.org/10.5284/1081252

Devaney, R. 2024d 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire: West of Ouse Flint'. https://doi.org/10.5284/1081256

Devaney, R. 2024e 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire: River Great Ouse Worked Flint'. https://doi.org/10.5284/1081255

Devaney, R. 2024f 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire: Fenstanton Gravels Flint'. https://doi.org/10.5284/1081254

Devaney, R. 2024g 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire: Conington Flint'. https://doi.org/10.5284/1081253

Devaney, R. 2024h 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire: Bar Hill Flint'. https://doi.org/10.5284/1081250

Devaney, R. 2024i 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon Improvement Scheme Specialist Analysis Report: The Flint Overview'. https://doi.org/10.5284/1081262

DeWindt, A. 1980 'Peasants in the English Royal Courts: The Huntingdonshire Eyre of 1286, the Ramsey Abbey Banlieu Court of 1287, and the Huntingdonshire Assizes of 1287-88', Medieval Prosopography 1(2), 45-57.

Dickson, C.A. 1990 'Experimental processing and cooking of Emmer and Spelt Wheats and the Roman army diet' in D.E. Robinson (ed) Experimentation and Reconstruction in Environmental Archaeology 5, 9th Symposia of the Association of Environmental Archaeology, Roskilde, Denmark. Oxford: Oxbow Books. 33-40. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvh1dp6m.8

Dietler, M. and Hayden, B. 2001 Feasts Archaeological and Ethnographic Perspectives on Food, Politics and Power, Tuscaloosa: The University of Alabama Press.

Dobney, K. 2001 'A place at the table: the role of vertebrate zooarchaeology within a Roman research agenda' in S. James and M. Millett (eds) Britons and Romans: advancing an archaeological agenda, York: Council for British Archaeology Research Report 125. 36-46.

Donaldson, P., Kinnes, I.A. and Wells, C. 1977 'The excavation of a multiple round barrow at Barnack, Cambridgeshire 1974-1976', The Antiquaries Journal 57(2), 197-231. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003581500031164

Douthwaite, A. and Atkins, R. 2022 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire, River Great Ouse Landscape Block Analysis Report, Headland Archaeology [Unpublished client report].

Duckham, A.N. 1963 Agricultural Synthesis: The farming year, London: Chatto and Windus.

Dungworth, D. 2015 Archaeometallurgy - Guidelines for Best Practice, Historic England. https://historicengland.org.uk/images-books/publications/archaeometallurgy-guidelines-best-practice/heag003-archaeometallurgy-guidelines/

Dungworth, D. and Cubitt, R. 2024i 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon Improvement Scheme Specialist Analysis Report: The Industrial Waste Overview'. https://doi.org/10.5284/1081262

Dungworth, D. and Cubitt, R. 2024c 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire: Brampton West Industrial Waste'. https://doi.org/10.5284/1081252

Dungworth, D. and Cubitt, R. 2024e 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire: River Great Ouse industrial waste'. https://doi.org/10.5284/1081255

Dyer, C. 1994 'The English Medieval village community and its decline', Journal of British Studies 33(4), 407-429. https://doi.org/10.1086/386063

Dyer, C. 2002 Making a Living in the Middle Ages: The People of Britain 850-1520, Yale University Press.

Dyer, C. 2010 'The crisis of the early fourteenth century. Some material evidence from Britain' in D. Boisseuil, P. Chastang, L. Feller and J. Morsel (eds) Écriture de l'Espace Social. Mélange d'Histoire Médiévale Offerts à Monique Bourin, 491-506. https://doi.org/10.4000/books.psorbonne.11237

E

Eckardt, H. (ed) 2010 Roman Diasporas. Archaeological approaches to mobility and diversity in the Roman Empire, The Journal of Roman Archaeology Supplementary Series 78.

Eckardt, H. and Müldner, G. 2016 'Mobility, migration, and diasporas' in M. Millett, L. Revell and A. Moore (eds) The Oxford Handbook of Roman Britain, Oxford: Oxford University Press. 203-223. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199697731.013.012

Ellis, C. 2004 A Prehistoric Ritual Complex at Eynesbury, Cambridgeshire, East Anglian Archaeology Occasional Papers 17.

Ellison, A. 1980 'Deverel-Rimbury urn cemeteries: The evidence for social organisation' in J. Barrett and R. Bradley (eds) Settlement and Society in the British Later Bronze Age, British Archaeological Reports 83, Oxford: Archaeopress. 115-26.

Elsdon, S.M. 1992 'East Midlands scored ware', Transactions of the Leicestershire Archaeological and Historical Society 66, 83-91.

Esmonde Cleary, S. 2000 'Putting the dead in their place: burial location in Roman Britain' in J. Pearce, M. Millett and M. Struck (eds) Burial, Society and Context in the Roman World, Oxford: Oxbow Books. 127-42.

Evans, C. 2013 Process and History. Romano-British Communities at Colne Fen, Earith: An Inland Port and Supply Farm, Cambridge Archaeological Unit Landscape Archive Series: The Archaeology of the Lower Ouse Valley 2, Cambridge.

Evans, C. 2021 Late Iron Age and Roman Resource Assessment, East of England Regional Research Framework for the Historic Environment. https://researchframeworks.org/eoe/

Evans, C. 2022 Modelling, Mimicking and Fighting Waters: Lower River Great Ouse and Ouse Washlands investigations, McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research.

Evans, C. and Cessford, C. 2015 'North West Cambridge: archaeology, art and mud', British Archaeology 37, York.

Evans, C. and Dickens, A. 2002 'Longstanton New Settlement, Archaeological Desktop Assessment', Cambridge: Cambridge Archaeological Unit.

Evans, C. and Hodder, I. 2006 A Woodland Archaeology. Neolithic sites at Haddenham, The Haddenham Project Volume 1, Cambridge: McDonald Institute Monograph.

Evans, C. and Knight, M. 1998 'The Butcher's Rise ring-ditches: Excavations at Barleycroft Farm, Cambridgeshire', Cambridge Archaeological Unit [Unpublished Client Report 283].

Evans, C. and Lucas, G. 2020 Hinterlands and Inlands, the Archaeology of West Cambridge and Roman Cambridge Revisited, CAU Landscape Archives: New Archaeologies of the Cambridge Region 3, Oxford: McDonald Institute Monographs.

Evans, C. and Mackay, D. 2004 'Longstanton, Cambridgeshire. A Village Hinterland. Cambridge Archaeological Unit', [Unpublished Client Report].

Evans, C. and Newman, R. 2010 'North-west Cambridge, University of Cambridge, Archaeological Evaluation Field Evaluation', Cambridge Archaeological Unit [Unpublished client report 921].

Evans, C. and Ten Harkel, L. 2010 'Cambridge's early settlement and Via Devana: excavations at Castle Street', Proceedings of the Cambridge Antiquarian Society 99, 35-60.

Evans, C. and Vander Linden, M. 2008 'The Godwin Ridge, Over, Cambridgeshire. A (wet-)landscape corridor', Notae Praehistoricae 28, 47-54.

Evans, C., Appleby, G.A., Mackay, D.A. and Amour, N. 2005 'Longstanton Cambridgeshire, A village Hinterland (II)', Cambridge Archaeological Unit [Unpublished client report].

Evans, C., Mackay, D. and Webley, L. 2008 'The Hutchinson Site, Addenbrooke's' in C. Evans (ed) Borderlands: The Archaeology of Addenbrooke's Environs, South Cambridge, CAU Landscape Archives: New Archaeologies of the Cambridge Region 1, Oxford: McDonald Institute Monographs. 23-133.

Evans, C., Mackay, D. and Webley, L. 2008 Borderlands: The Archaeology of the Addenbrooke's Environs, South Cambridge, CAU Landscape Archives: New Archaeologies of the Cambridge Region 1, Oxford: McDonald Institute Monographs.

Evans, C., Patten, R., Brudenell, M., and Taylor, M. 2011 'An inland Bronze Age: excavations at Striplands Farm, West Longstanton', Proceedings of the Cambridge Antiquarian Society 100, 7-45.

Evans, C., Tabor, J. and Vander Linden, M. 2016 Twice-crossed River: Prehistoric and Palaeoenvironmental Investigations at Barleycroft Farm/Over, Cambridgeshire, The Archaeology of the Lower Ouse Valley 3, Cambridge: McDonald Institute Monograph.

Evans, C., Lucy, S. and Patten, R. 2018 Riversides: Neolithic Barrows, a Beaker Grave, Iron Age and Anglo-Saxon Burials and Settlement at Trumpington, Cambridge, Cambridge Archaeological Unit Landscape Archives: New Archaeologies of the Cambridge Region 2, Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research.

Evans, C., Pollard, P. and Tabor, J. 2023 'Niche bunching and the Inland Sea: Grooved Ware settlement at Over, Cambridgeshire, and River Great Ouse distributions' in M. Copper, A. Whittle and A. Sheridan (eds) Revisiting Grooved Ware: Understanding Ceramic Trajectories in Britain and Ireland, 3200-2400 cal BC 20, Oxford: Oxbow Books. 147-170. https://doi.org/10.2307/jj.7657700.13

Evans, J., Macaulay, S. and Mills, P. 2017 The Horningsea Roman Pottery Industry in Context, Oxford: East Anglian Archaeology Report 162. https://eaareports.org.uk/publication/report162/

Ewens, V. 2024a 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire: West of Ouse Animal Remains'. https://doi.org/10.5284/1081256

Ewens, V. 2024b ''A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire: River Great Ouse animal remains. https://doi.org/10.5284/1081255

Ewens, V. 2024c 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire: Conington Animal Bone'. https://doi.org/10.5284/1081253

Ewens, V. and Cussans, J. 2024 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire: Fenstanton Gravels animal remains'. https://doi.org/10.5284/1081254

F

Faine, C. 2024b 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire: Brampton West Animal Bone'. https://doi.org/10.5284/1081252

Fairnell, E.H. 2003 The Utilisation of Fur-bearing Animals in the British Isles - a zooarchaeological hunt for data, MSc dissertation, University of York. https://www.york.ac.uk/media/archaeology/images/people/faces-gradstudents/publicationpdfs/complete%20msc.pdf

Fernie, E. 2000 The Architecture of Norman England, Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198174066.001.0001

Fincham, G. 2004 Durobrivae, a Roman Town between Fen and Upland, Stroud: Tempus.

Finn, C., Fowler, L. and Markus, S. 2020 'Trial Trench Evaluation for A428 Black Cat to Caxton Gibbett Improvement Scheme: Phase III August-September 2020', MOLA [Unpublished client report].

Fitzpatrick, A.P. 1992 'The role of Celtic coinage in south-east England' in M. Mays (ed) Celtic Coinage: Britain and Beyond, British Archaeological Reports 222, Oxford: Archaeopress. 1-32.

Fleming, S. 1986 'Mediaeval metallurgy: the monastic influence', Archaeology 39(5), 74-75.

Ford, S. and Pine, J. 2003 'Neolithic ring ditches and Roman landscape features at Horton (1989-1996)' in S. Preston (ed) Prehistoric, Roman and Saxon sites in eastern Berkshire: excavations 1989-1997, Reading: Thames Valley Archaeological Services. 13-85.

Fosberry, R. 2021 'Environment samples' in L. Billington and L. Robinson Zeki (eds) 'Roman Settlement Remains South of Old School Lane, Upware, Cambridgeshire, Oxford Archaeology', [Unpublished client report 240].

Fosberry, R. 2024 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire: Conington Plant Remains'. https://doi.org/10.5284/1081253

Fowler, L. and Markus, S. 2020 'Trial Trench Evaluation for A428 Black Cat to Caxton Gibbett Improvement Scheme: Phase II April-August 2020', MOLA [Unpublished client report].

Franklin, J. 2020 'Iron in the time of Anarchy: excavation of a twelfth-century village smithy at Cheveley', Proceedings of the Cambridge Antiquarian Society 109, 121-48.

French, C. and Heathcote, J. 2003 'Holocene landscape change in the lower Great Ouse valley, Cambridgeshire, England' in A. J. Howard, D.G. Passmore and M.G. Macklin (eds) Alluvial Archaeology in Europe. Proceedings of an International Conference, Leeds, 18-19 December 2000, Abingdon: A.A. Balkema Publishers. 81-92.

Fulford, M. and Brindle, T. 2016 'Introduction' in A. Smith, M. Allen, T. Brindle and M. Fulford (eds) The Rural Settlement of Roman Britain, New Visions of the Countryside of Roman Britain Vol. 1, London: Britannia Monograph Series 29. 1-16.

Fyfe, R.M. 2012 'Bronze Age landscape dynamics: spatially detailed pollen analysis from a ceremonial complex', Journal of Archaeological Science 39(8), 2764-2773. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2012.04.015

G

Gardiner, F., Henig, M. and Pullinger, J. 2000 'The small finds' in J. Alexander and J. Pullinger (eds) 'Roman Cambridge: Excavations on Castle Hill', Studies in Popular Culture 88, 85-106.

Gardiner, M. 2006 'Review of Medieval Settlement Research, 1996-2006', Medieval Settlement Research Group 21, 22-8.

Gardiner, M. 2014 'An archaeological approach to the development of the late medieval peasant house', Vernacular Architecture 45(1), 16-28. https://doi.org/10.1179/0305547714Z.00000000022

Garrow, D. 2006 Pits, Settlement and Deposition during the Neolithic and Early Bronze Age in East Anglia, BAR British Series 414, Oxford.

Garrow, D. 2007 'Placing pits: landscape occupation and depositional practice during the Neolithic in East Anglia', Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 73, 1-24. https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0079497X00000037

Garrow, D., Meadows, J., Evans, C., Tabor, J. 2014 'Dating the dead: a high-resolution radiocarbon chronology of burial Within an Early Bronze Age barrow cemetery at Over, Cambridgeshire', Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 80, 1-30. https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ppr.2014.2

Gay, E.F. 1903 'Inclosures in England in the Sixteenth Century', Quarterly Journal of Economics 17(4), 576-597. https://doi.org/10.2307/1885511

Gelling, M. 1984 Place-Names in the Landscape, London.

Gerrard, C. 1989 'Slate Hall Farm, Cambridgeshire Stage 1', Archaeological Assessment Cotswold Archaeological Trust [Unpublished client report 8906].

Gibson, A. 2012a Enclosing the Neolithic: Recent studies in Britain and Europe, British Archaeological Reports (Int. Ser.) 2440, Oxford: Archaeopress. https://doi.org/10.30861/9781407310398

Gibson, A. 2012b 'An introduction to the study of henges: time for a change?' in A. Gibson (ed) Enclosing the Neolithic: Recent studies in Britain and Europe, British Archaeological Reports (Int. Ser.) 2440, Oxford: Archaeopress. 1-20. https://doi.org/10.30861/9781407310398

Gibson, C. and Murray, J. 2003 'An Anglo-Saxon settlement at Godmanchester, Cambridgeshire', Anglo-Saxon Studies in Archaeology and History 12, 210-11.

Gibson, D. and Lucas, G. 2002 'Pre-Flavian kilns at Greenhouse Farm and the social context of early Roman pottery production in Cambridgeshire', Britannia 33, 95-127. https://doi.org/10.2307/1558854

Giles, M. 2007 'Good fences make good neighbours? Exploring the ladder enclosures of Late Iron Age East Yorkshire' in C. Haselgrove and T. Moore (eds) The Later Iron Age in Britain and Beyond, Oxford: Oxbow Books. 235-249. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvh1dsh9.15

Gilmour, N., Dodwell, N. and Popescu, E. 2010 'A Middle Bronze Age cremation cemetery on the Western Claylands at Papworth Everard', Proceedings of the Cambridge Antiquarian Society 118, 7-24.

González Carretero, L. 2024 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire: Brampton West Plant Remains'. https://doi.org/10.5284/1081252

Gonzáles Carretero, L. 2023 'Analysis of archaeological cereal-based foods from the A14 scheme'. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/369277916_A_taste_for_local_food_Analysis_of_archaeological_cereal-based_foods_from_the_East_of_England

Goodburn, D. 1991 'A Roman timber framed building tradition', Archaeological Journal 148(1), 182-204. https://doi.org/10.1080/00665983.1991.11021375

Goodburn, D. 2024c 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire: Brampton West Worked Wood'. https://doi.org/10.5284/1081252

Goodburn, D. 2024d 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire: West of Ouse Worked Wood'. https://doi.org/10.5284/1081256

Goodburn, D. 2024e 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire: River Great Ouse Worked Wood'. https://doi.org/10.5284/1081255

Goodburn, D. 2024f 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire: Fenstanton Gravels Worked Wood'. https://doi.org/10.5284/1081254

Gowland, R., Chamberlain, A.T. and Redfern, R.C. 2014 'On the brink of being: re-evaluating infant death and infanticide in Roman Britain' in M. Carroll and E.J. Graham (eds) Infant Health and Health in Roman Italy and Beyond. Journal of Roman Archaeology Supplementary series 98, 69-88.

Grant, M. 2024a 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire: Alconbury Pollen'. https://doi.org/10.5284/1081249

Grant, M. 2024b 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire: Brampton South Pollen'. https://doi.org/10.5284/1081251

Grant, M. 2024c 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire: Brampton West Pollen'. https://doi.org/10.5284/1081252

Grant, M. 2024d 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire: West of Ouse Pollen'. https://doi.org/10.5284/1081256

Grant, M. 2024e 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire: River Great Ouse Pollen'. https://doi.org/10.5284/1081255

Grant, M. 2024f 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire: Fenstanton Gravels Pollen'. https://doi.org/10.5284/1081254

Grant, M. 2024g 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire: Conington Pollen'. https://doi.org/10.5284/1081253

Grant, M. 2024h 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire: Bar Hill Pollen'. https://doi.org/10.5284/1081250

Grant, M.J., Waller, M.P. and Groves, J.A. 2011 'The Tilia decline: vegetation change in lowland Britain during the mid and late Holocene', Quaternary Science Reviews 30(3-4), 394-408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.11.022

Green, H.J.M. and Malim, T. 2017 Durovigutum, Roman Godmanchester, Archaeopress Roman Archaeology 33. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvndv6kk

Green, M. 1992 Animals in Celtic Life and Myth, London: Routledge.

Greenfield, E., Poulsen, J. and Irving, P.V. 1994 'The excavation of a fourth-century AD villa and bath-house at Great Staughton, Cambridgeshire, 1958 and 1959', The Proceedings of the Cambridge Antiquarian Society 93, 75-127.

Greep, S.J. 1983 Objects of Animal Bone, Antler, Ivory and Teeth from Roman Britain, PhD thesis, University College Cardiff.

Gretzinger, J., Sayer, D., Justeau, P., Altena, E., Pala, M., Dulias, K., Edwards, C.J., Jodoin, S., Lacher, L., Sabin, S., Vågene, Å.J., Haak, W., Ebenesersdóttir, S.S., Moore, K.H.S., Radzeviciute, R., Schmidt, K., Brace, S., Bager, M.A., Patterson, N., Papac, L., Broomandkhoshbacht, N., Callan, K., Harney, É., Iliev, L., Lawson, A.M., Michel, M., Stewardson, K., Zalzala, F., Rohland, N., Kappelhoff-Beckmann, S., Both, F., Winger, D., Neumann, D., Saalow, L., Krabath, S., Beckett, S., Van Twest, M., Faulkner, N., Read, C., Barton, T., Caruth, J., Hines, J., Krause-Kyora, B., Warnke, U., Schuenemann, V.J., Barnes, I., Dahlström, H., Clausen, J.J., Richardson, A., Popescu, E., Dodwell, N., Ladd, S., Phillips, T., Mortimer, R., Sayer, F., Swales, D., Stewart, A., Powlesland, D., Kenyon, R., Ladle, L., Peek, C., Grefen-Peters, S., Ponce, P., Daniels, R., Spall, C., Woolcock, J., Jones, A.M., Roberts, A.V., Symmons, R., Rawden, A.C., Cooper, A., Bos, K.I., Booth, T., Schroeder, H., Thomas, M.G., Helgason, A., Richards, M.B., Reich, D., Krause, J. and Schiffels, S. 2022 'Author correction: the Anglo-Saxon migration and the formation of the early English gene pool', Nature 611, 7934. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05429-y

Guest, P. 2008 'Appendix 2: Coinage' in J. Abrams and D. Ingham (eds) Farming on the Edge: Archaeological evidence from the clay uplands west of Cambridge, East Anglian Archaeology 123. https://eaareports.org.uk/publication/report123/

Guest, P. 2022 'Coins' in D. Ingham (ed) Land south of Cambridge Road and the former Dairy Crest Site, Fenstanton, Cambridgeshire, Albion Archaeology [Unpublished client report].

H

Hamerow, H. 1993 Excavations at Mucking: Vol. 2, The Anglo-Saxon settlement, English Heritage Archaeological Report 21, London.

Hamerow, H. 2010 'Communities of the living and the dead: the relationship between Anglo-Saxon settlements and cemeteries c. 450-85' in M. Henig and N. Ramsey (eds) Intersections: The Archaeology and History of Christianity in England, 400-1200, Oxford: Archaeopress. 71-76.

Hamerow, H. 2012 Rural Settlements and Society in Anglo-Saxon England, Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199203253.001.0001

Hamilton, D. 2024 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire: Radiocarbon Dating And Chronological Modelling Overview'. https://doi.org/10.5284/1081262

Hamilton, W.D., Haselgrove, C. and Gosden, C. 2015 'The impact of Bayesian chronologies on the British Iron Age', World Archaeology 47(4), 642-660. https://doi.org/10.1080/00438243.2015.1053976

Hamilton, W.D., Sayle, K.L., Boyd, M.O.E., Haselgrove, C. and Cook, G.T. 2019 'Celtic cowboys' reborn: application of multi-isotopic analysis (δ13C, δ15N, and δ34S) to examine mobility and movement of animals within an Iron Age British society', Journal of Archaeological Science 101, 189-198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2018.04.006

Hamilton-Dyer, S. 2009 'Animal bone' in J. Wright, M. Leivers, R. Seager Smith and C.J. Stevens (eds) Cambourne New Settlement. Iron Age and Romano-British settlement on the clay uplands of west Cambridgeshire. Vol. 2: specialist appendices, Wessex Archaeology Report 23. 82-133. https://www.wessexarch.co.uk/sites/default/files/projects/cambourne-online-appendices/11_animal-bone_marine-shell.pdf

Harding, D. 2015 Death and Burial in Iron Age Britain, Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199687565.001.0001

Hardy, A., Charles, B.M. and Williams, R.J. 2007 Death and Taxes: the Archaeology of a Middle Saxon Estate Centre at Higham Ferrers, Northamptonshire, Oxford Archaeology.

Harlow, N. 2021 Belonging and Belongings: Portable Artefacts and Identity in the Civitas of the Iceni, British Archaeological Reports (Brit. Ser.) B664, Archaeology of Roman Britain 4, Oxford: Archaeopress. https://doi.org/10.30861/9781407357010

Harman, M., Molleson, T.I. and Price, J.L. 1981 'Burials, bodies and beheadings in Romano-British and Anglo-Saxon cemeteries', Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History (Geology) 35(3), 145-88.

Hartley, B.R. 1960 Notes on the Roman Pottery Industry in the Nene Valley, Peterborough Museum Society, Occasional Papers 2.

Hartley, B.R. and Dickinson, B.M. 2011 Names on Terra Sigillata: Volume 7 P to RXEAD, Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies Supplement 102.07, London: Institute of Classical Studies, University of London.

Haselgrove, C. 2019 'The Gallic War in the chronology of Iron Age coinage' in A. Fitzpatrick and C. Haselgrove (eds) Juluis Caesar's Battle for Gaul, New Archaeological Perspectives, Oxford: Oxbow Books. 241-266. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv13nb9k6.19

Haselgrove, C. and Pope, R. 2007 'Characterising the Earlier Iron Age' in C. Haselgrove and R. Pope (eds) The Earlier Iron Age in Britain and the Near Continent, Oxford: Oxbow Books. 1-23. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvh1dwqj.3

Haselgrove, C., Armit, I., Champion, T.C., Creighton, J., Gwilt, A., Hill, J.D., Hunter, F. and Woodward, A. 2001 Understanding the British Iron Age: an agenda for action, Report for the Iron Age Research Seminar and the Council of the Prehistoric Society 52, Salisbury: Trust for Wessex Archaeology.

Havard, T., Darvill, T. and Alexander, M. 2017 'A Bronze Age round barrow cemetery, pit alignments, Iron Age burials, Iron Age copper working, and later activity at Four Crosses, Llandysilio, Powys', Archaeological Journal 174(1), 1-67. https://doi.org/10.1080/00665983.2017.1238687

Haynes, I. 2013 Blood of the Provinces. The Roman auxilia and the making of Provincial society from Augustus to the Severans, Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199655342.001.0001

Hayward, K. 2024a 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire: Alconbury Structural and Architectural Stone'. https://doi.org/10.5284/1081249

Hayward, K. 2024d 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire: River Great Ouse architectural stone'. https://doi.org/10.5284/1081255

Hayward, K. 2024f 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire: Conington Architectural Stone'. https://doi.org/10.5284/1081253

Henderson, M. and Walker, D. 2024b 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire: West of Ouse Human Remains'. https://doi.org/10.5284/1081256

Henderson, M. and Walker, D. 2024d 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire: Fenstanton Gravels Human Remains'. https://doi.org/10.5284/1081254

Henderson, M. and Walker, D. 2024e 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire: Conington Human Remains'. https://doi.org/10.5284/1081253

Henderson, M. and Walker, D. 2024g 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire: A14 Cambridge To Huntingdon Improvement Scheme Specialist Analysis Report: The Human Remains Overview'. https://doi.org/10.5284/1081262

Henderson, M., Walker, D. and Knox, E. 2024 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire: Brampton West Human Remains'. https://doi.org/10.5284/1081252

Heslop, D., Casewell, E., Haselgrove, C., Moore, R., O'Meara, D., Roberts, B., Sherlock, S., Topping, P. and Young, R. 2020 'Late Bronze Age and Iron Age', North East Research Framework. https://researchframeworks.org/nerf/late-bronze-age-and-iron-age/

Highways England 2015 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon improvement scheme Written Scheme of Investigation: Archaeological Investigations', [Unpublished client report HE/A14/EX/231].

Hill, J.D. 1995 'The Pre-Roman Iron Age in Britain and Ireland (ca. 800 B.C. to A.D. 100): an overview', Journal of World Prehistory 9, 47-98. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02221003

Hill, J.D. 2007 'The dynamics of social change in Later Iron Age eastern and south-eastern England c. 300 BC to AD 43' in C. Haselgrove and T. Moore (eds) The Later Iron Age in Britain and Beyond, Oxford: Oxbow Books. 16-40. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvh1dsh9.4

Hill, J.D., Evans, C. and Alexander, M. 1999 'The Hinxton Rings - a Late Iron Age cemetery at Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, with a reconsideration of Northern Aylesford-Swarling distributions', Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 65, 243-273. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0079497X00002012

Hillson, S. 2008 'Dental pathology' in M.A. Katzenberg and S.R. Saunders (eds) Biological Anthropology of the Human Skeleton, 2nd edn, John Wiley & Sons. 299-340. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470245842.ch10

Hindle, P. 2015 'Roads and tracks in Anglo-Saxon England' in M. Clegg Hyer and G.R. Owen-Crocker (eds) The Material Culture of the Built Environment in the Anglo-Saxon World, Liverpool. 37-49.

Hingley, R. 1989 Rural Settlement in Roman Britain, London: Seaby.

Hinman, M. 2003 'Bobs Wood, the story so far: An introduction to the Hinchingbrooke excavations', Cambridgeshire County Council Archaeological Field Unit [Unpublished client report 173].

Hinman, M. and Zant, J. 2018 Conquering the Claylands: excavations at Love's Farm, St Neots, Cambridgeshire, East Anglian Archaeology 165. https://eaareports.org.uk/publication/report165/

Hoggett, R. 2021 'Middle and late Anglo-Saxon Research Framework', East Anglian Regional Research Framework https://eaareports.org.uk/algao-east/regional-research-framework/

Holgate, R. 1991 'Appendix 4.3: The flints' in G.A. Wait (ed) Archaeological Excavations at Godmanchester (A14/A604 Junction), Tempvs Reparatvm Archaeological and Historical Associates Ltd [Archive Report]. 42-43.

Huisman, F.J. 2019 Wild wetlands and domestic drylands? Prehistoric communities of the East Anglian Fens in their broader regional context (c.4000 BC-100 AD), PhD thesis, Durham University. https://etheses.dur.ac.uk/13096/

Humphreys, O. 2024a 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire: River Great Ouse registered finds: Iron Age and Roman'. https://doi.org/10.5284/1081255

Humphreys, O. and Bowsher, J. 2024 'The Iron Age and Roman coins overview'.

Humphreys, O. and Marshall, M. 2024b 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon Improvement Scheme Specialist Analysis Report: The Bronze Age, Iron Age and Roman Registered Small Finds Overview'. https://doi.org/10.5284/1081262

Hunter Dowse, K. and Turner, K. 2024 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire: Fenstanton Gravels plant remains'. https://doi.org/10.5284/1081254

Hurst, J.G. and Moreno, D. 1973 'La casa rurale e le trasformazioni dei villaggi in Inghilterra', Quaderni Storici 8(24), 807-32.

Hutton, R. 2021 The Making of Oliver Cromwell, New Heaven and London: Yale University Press. https://doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300257458.001.0001

I

Illingworth, W. 1818 Rotuli Hundredorum, London: Record Commission.

Ingham, D. 2022 'Land south of Cambridge Road and the former Dairy Crest Site, Fenstanton, Cambridgeshire. Archaeological mitigation archive report', Albion Archaeology [Unpublished client report].

Ingham, D. and Oetgen, J. 2016 Margetts Farm, Buckden, Cambridgeshire: Remains of a Prehistoric Landscape in the Great Ouse Valley, Albion Archaeology Monograph 3, Bedford: Albion Archaeology.

J

Jeffrey, E. 2016 'Archaeological Trial Trenching Evaluation: A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon Improvement Scheme', MOLA Headland Infrastructure [Unpublished client report].

Jennings, D., Muir, J., Palmer, S. and Smith, A. 2004 Thornhill Farm, Fairford, Gloucestershire. An Iron Age and Roman pastoral site in the Upper Thames Valley, Thames Valley Landscapes Monograph 23.

Johnson, A.H. 1963 The Disappearance of the Small Landowner, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Johnston, R.A. 2001 Land and Society: the Bronze Age cairnfields and field systems of Britain, PhD Thesis, Newcastle University. http://theses.ncl.ac.uk/jspui/handle/10443/387

Johnstone, C. and Albarella, U. 2015 'The late Iron Age and Romano-British mammal and bird bone assemblage and Elms Farm, Heybridge Essex' in M. Atkinson and S.J. Preston 'Heybridge: A late Iron Age and Roman settlement, excavations at Elms Farm 1993-5', Internet Archaeology 40 https://doi.org/10.11141/ia.40.1

Jones, A. 2000 'Little Paxton Quarry, Diddington, Cambridgeshire, Excavations 1992-98, Iron Age Settlements (Areas B-E/F): Post-Excavation Assessment', Birmingham: Birmingham Archaeology.

Jones, A. 2001 'A Romano-Celtic shrine and settlements at Little Paxton Quarry, Diddington, Cambridgeshire', Proceedings of the Cambridge Antiquarian Society 90, 5-28.

Jones, A. 2003 Settlement, Burial and Industry in Roman Godmanchester. Excavations in the extra-mural area: The Parks 1998, London Road 1997-8 and other investigations, British Archaeological Reports (Brit. Ser.) 346, Oxford: Archaeopress. https://doi.org/10.30861/9781841714844

Jones, G. and Panes, R. 2014 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon Improvements - Geophysical survey and Archaeological Trial Trenching. Archaeological Evaluation Report (Volumes I, II and III)', Wessex Archaeology [Unpublished client report].

Jones, M. 1986 'Towards a model of the villa estate' in D. Miles (ed) Archaeology at Barton Court Farm, Abingdon, Oxon; An investigation of late Neolithic, Iron Age, Romano-British, and Saxon Settlements, Oxford Archaeological Unit Report Report 3, Council for British Archaeology Research Report 50. 38-43. https://doi.org/10.5284/1081709

Jones, R. and Page, M. 2006 Medieval Villages in an English Landscape. Beginnings and Ends, Macclesfield: Windgather Press.

K

Kanzaka, T. 2002 'Villein rent in thirteenth-century England: an analysis of the Hundred Rolls of 1279-1280', Economic History Review 55(4), 593-618. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0289.00233

Kehoe, D.P. 2007 Law and Rural Economy in the Roman Empire, Michigan: University of Michigan. https://doi.org/10.3998/mpub.210845

Kenney, S. 2003 'Specification for archaeological evaluation: Town Centre Modernisation, Huntingdon', Cambridgeshire Archaeological Field Unit [Unpublished client report].

Kenyon, R.F.E. 1992 The copying of bronze coins of Claudius I in Roman Britain, PhD thesis, University of London. https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1546590

Killick, D. and Fenn, T. 2012 'Archaeometallurgy: the study of Preindustrial Mining and Metallurgy', Annual Review of Anthropology 41, 559-575. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-anthro-092611-145719

Knight, M. 2016 'Earlier prehistoric pottery' in C. Evans, J. Tabor and M. Vander Linden (eds) Twice-crossed River: Prehistoric and Palaeoenvironmental Investigations at Barleycroft Farm/Over, Cambridgeshire, The Archaeology of the Lower Ouse Valley 3, Cambridge: McDonald Institute Monograph. 153-60.

Knight, M. and Brudenell, M. 2020 Pattern and Process, Landscape Prehistories from Whittlesey Brick Pits: the King's Dyke and Bradley Fen excavations 1998-2004, Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research.

Knight, M. and Mackay, D. 2007 Further Excavations at Striplands Farm, West Longstanton, Cambridgeshire, Cambridge: Cambridge Archaeological Unit.

Krause, J. 1957 'The Medieval household: large or small?', The Economic History Review 9(3), 420-432. https://doi.org/10.2307/2591133

Kropff, A. 2016 'An English translation of the Edict on maximum prices, also known as the Price Edict of Diocletian'. https://kark.uib.no/antikk/dias/priceedict.pdf [Last accessed: 18 May 2023].

L

Ladd, S. and Mortimer, R. 2017 'Late Iron Age and Roman features, a Roman and Early Saxon cemetery, and Middle Saxon features, Hatherdene Close Cherry Hinton Cambridge, Post-Excavation Assessment', Oxford Archaeology East [Unpublished client report].

Lambrick, G. 1992 'The development of late prehistoric and Roman farming on the Thames gravels' in M. Fulford and E. Nichols (eds) Developing Landscapes of Lowland Britain: the archaeology of the British river gravels a review, London: Society of Antiquaries London. 78-105.

Lambrick, G. and Allen, T.G. 2004 Gravelly Guy, Stanton Harcourt: the development of a prehistoric and Romano-British community, Thames Valley Landscapes Monograph.

Lambrick, G. and Robinson, M. 2009 The Thames Through Time. The archaeology of the gravel terraces of the Upper and Middle Thames, Late prehistory 1500 BC-AD 50, Thames Valley Landscapes Monograph 29, Oxford: Oxford Archaeology.

Last, J., Outram, Z. and Bye-Jensen, P. 2022 ': 'Neolithic Resource Assessment', East of England Research Framework. https://researchframeworks.org/eoe/resource-assessments/neolithic/

Lauwerier, R.C.G.M. 1999 'Eating horsemeat: the evidence in the Roman Netherlands', Archaeofauna 8, 101-113. https://doi.org/10.15366/archaeofauna1999.8.005

Lazaridou, A. 2019 Intra-site analysis of the excavation results of TEA 05 A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon Improvement Scheme, MA Thesis, University of the Aegean. https://hellanicus.lib.aegean.gr/bitstream/handle/11610/23377/dissertation%20final-PDF.pdf

Legge, A.J. 1981 'The agricultural economy' in R. Mercer (ed) Grimes Graves, Norfolk Excavations 1971-72, London: English Heritage, 79-103.

Lewis, C., Mitchell-Fox, P. and Dyer, C. 1997 Village, Hamlet and Field, Changing Medieval Settlements in Central England, Macclesfield: Windgather Press.

Liddiard, R. 2017 'The landscape of Anglo-Norman England: chronology and cultural transmission' in D. Bates, E. D'Angelo and E. van Houts (eds) People, Texts and Artefacts, Cultural Transmission in the Medieval Norman Worlds, London: Routledge. 105-26.

Light, J. 1984 'The archaeological investigation of blacksmith shops', Industrial Archaeology 10(1), 55-68.

Light, J. 1987 'Blacksmithing technology and forge construction', Technology and Culture 28(3), 658-665. https://doi.org/10.2307/3104997

Light, J. 2007 'A Dictionary of Blacksmithing Terms', Historical Archaeology 41(2), 84-157. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03377010

Liversidge, J. 1955 Furniture in Roman Britain, Lincoln: A. Tiranti.

Lodwick, L. 2017 'Arable farming, plant foods and resources' in M. Allen, L. Lodwick, T. Brindle, M. Fulford and A. Smith (eds) The Rural Economy of Roman Britain. New Visions of the Countryside of Roman Britain, Vol. 2, London: Britannia Monograph Series 30. 11-82.

Lucy, S. and Evans, C. 2016 Romano-British Settlement and Cemeteries, Mucking Excavations by Margaret and Tom Jones 1965-1978, Oxford: Oxbow Books.

Lucy, S., Tipper, J. and Dickens, A. 2009 The Anglo-Saxon Settlement and Cemetery at Bloodmoor Hill, Carlton Colville, Suffolk, East Anglian Archaeology 131. https://eaareports.org.uk/publication/report131/

Luff, R. 1982 A Zooarchaeological Study of the Roman North-western Provinces, British Archaeological Reports (Int. Ser.) 137, Oxford: Archaeopress. https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860541684

Luke, M. 2008 Life in the Loop: Investigation of a Prehistoric and Romano-British Landscape at Biddenham Loop, Bedfordshire, Bedford: Albion Archaeology.

Lyons, A. 2011 Life and Afterlife at Duxford, Cambridgeshire: archaeology and history in a chalkland community, East Anglian Archaeology 141. https://eaareports.org.uk/publication/report141/

Lyons, A. 2019 Rectory Farm, Godmanchester, Cambridgeshire: Excavations 1988-95, Neolithic monument to Roman villa farm, East Anglian Archaeology 170. https://eaareports.org.uk/publication/report170/

Lyons, A. 2024 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire: A14 Cambridge To Huntingdon Improvement Scheme Specialist Analysis Report: The Roman Pottery Overview'. https://doi.org/10.5284/1081262

Lyons, A. and Blackbourn, K. 2017 'Early Roman pottery production at Brampton, Cambridgeshire', Proceedings of the Cambridge Antiquarian Society 106, 23-48.

M

Macaulay, S. 1993 'An archaeological evaluation at Huntingdon Racecourse, Cambridgeshire, 1993. Area 1 - Hotel Site', Cambridgeshire County Council Archaeological Field Unit [Unpublished client report A008].

Machin, S. 2018 Constructing Calleva: a multidisciplinary study of the production, distribution, and consumption of ceramic building materials at the Roman town of Silchester, Hamphsire, PhD thesis, University of Reading. https://centaur.reading.ac.uk/80656/

Machin, S. 2024a 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire: Alconbury CBM'. https://doi.org/10.5284/1081249

Machin, S. 2024b 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire: River Great Ouse CBM'. https://doi.org/10.5284/1081255

Machin, S. 2024 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire: A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon Improvement Scheme Specialist Analysis Report: The Ceramic Building Material Overview'. https://doi.org/10.5284/1081262

Mackay, H., Davies, K.L., Robertson, J., Roy, L., Bull, I.D., Whitehouse, N.J., Crone, A., Cavers, G., McCormick, F., Brown, A.G. and Henderson, A.C.G. 2020 'Characterising life in settlements and structures: Incorporating faecal lipid biomarkers within a multiproxy case study of a wetland village', Journal of Archaeological Science 121 (105202). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2020.105202

MacKinnon, M. 2004 Production and Consumption of Animals in Roman Italy: Integrating the zooarchaeological and textual evidence, Journal of Roman Archaeology Supplementary Series 54, Portsmouth.

Mackreth, D.F. 1996 Orton Hall Farm: A Roman and Early Anglo-Saxon farmstead, East Anglian Archaeology Report 76. https://eaareports.org.uk/publication/report76/

Mackreth, D.F. 2011 Brooches in Late Iron Age and Roman Britain, Oxford: Oxbow Books. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvh1dv2x

MacPhail, R. 2024a 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire: Alconbury Micromorphology'. https://doi.org/10.5284/1081249

MacPhail, R. 2024b 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire: Brampton West Micromorphology'. https://doi.org/10.5284/1081252

MacPhail, R. and Carey, C. 2024a 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire: West of Ouse Micromorphology'. https://doi.org/10.5284/1081256

Mairat, J. 2014 The coinage of the Gallic Empire, PhD Thesis, University of Oxford.

Malim, T. 2000 'The ritual landscape of the Neolithic and Bronze Age along the middle and lower Ouse Valley' in M. Dawson (ed) Prehistoric, Roman and Anglo-Saxon Landscape Studies in the Great Ouse Valley, Council for British Archaeology Research Report 119. 57-88.

Malim, T. and Hines, J. 1998 The Anglo-Saxon Cemetery at Edix Hill (Barrington A), Cambridgeshire, Council for British Archaeology Research report 112.

Maltby, M. 1989 'Urban rural variation in the butchering of cattle in Romano-British Hampshire' in D. Serjeantson and T. Waldron (eds) Diets and Crafts in Towns, British Archaeological Reports (Brit. Ser.) 199, Oxford: Archaeopress. 75-106.

Manby, K.J.B. 2022 For want of a nail: How should we approach structural iron nail assemblages, and what can they reveal about society, settlement patterns, and the economy within the A14 landscape?, MA Dissertation, University of Reading.

Marshall, M. 2019 'The iron nails from Franklinds Drive, Addlestone' in M. Henderson and I.J. Howell 'A 3rd Century AD Cremation Cemetery at Franklands Drive, near Addlestone', Archaeological Collections 102, 131-168.

Marshall, M. 2024a 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire: Alconbury Registered Finds: Iron Age and Roman'. https://doi.org/10.5284/1081249

Marshall, M. 2024e 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire: Brampton West Registered Finds: Prehistoric, Iron Age and Roman'. https://doi.org/10.5284/1081252

Marshall, M. 2024g 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire: West of Ouse Registered Finds: Iron Age and Roman'. https://doi.org/10.5284/1081256

Marshall, M. 2024j 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire: Fenstanton Gravels glass'. https://doi.org/10.5284/1081254

Marshall, M. 2024k 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire: Conington Registered Finds: Prehistoric and Roman'. https://doi.org/10.5284/1081253

Marshall, M. and Humphreys, O. 2024 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire: Bar Hill Registered Finds: Iron Age and Roman'. https://doi.org/10.5284/1081250

Martins, C.B. 2005 Becoming Consumers. Looking Beyond Wealth as an Explanation for Villa Variability, British Archaeological Reports (Brit. Ser.) 403, Oxford: Archaeopress. https://doi.org/10.30861/9781841719009

Masschaele, J. 2002 'The public space of the marketplace in Medieval England', Speculum 77(2), 383-421. https://doi.org/10.2307/3301326

Mattingly, D. 2006 An Imperial Possession Britain in the Roman Empire, London: Penguin Books.

Mayes, P. 2002 Excavations at a Templar Preceptory. South Witham, Lincolnshire 1965-67, The Society for Medieval Archaeology Monograph 19, Leeds: Maney Publishing.

McGalliard, S. and Gaunt, K. 2024 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire: Brampton South Landscape Block Analysis Report'. https://doi.org/10.5284/1081251

McKeon, J. and Markus, S. 2020 'Trial Trench Evaluation for A428 Black Cat to Caxton Gibbett Improvement Scheme: Phase I January-April 2020', [Unpublished client report].

McKerracher, M. 2018 Farming Transformed in Anglo-Saxon England, Oxford: Windgather Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv13gvg10

McKerracher, M. 2019 Anglo-Saxon Crops and Weeds: A Case Study in Quantitative Archaeobotany, Oxford: Archaeopress. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1zcm1wr

McKerracher, M. and Hamerow, H. 2022 New Perspectives on the Medieval 'Agricultural Revolution': Crop, Stock and Furrow, Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv333ktnp

McKinley, J.I. 1993 'Bone fragment size and weights of bone from modern British cremations and its implications for the interpretation of archaeological cremations', International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 3, 283-287. https://doi.org/10.1002/oa.1390030406

McKinley, J.I. 1997 'Bronze Age 'Barrows' and funerary rites and rituals of cremation', Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 63, 129-145. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0079497X00002401

McKinley, J. 2000 'The analysis of cremated bone' in M. Cox and S. Mays (eds) Human Osteology in Archaeology and Forensic Science, London: Cambridge University Press. 403-22.

McLeod, G. 1989 'Wild and tame animals and birds in Roman law' in P. Birks (ed) New Perspectives in the Roman Law of Property: Essays for Barry Nicholas, Oxford: Clarendon Press. 169-176.

McOmish, P., Newsome, S., Keir, W., Barker, J. and Shotliff, D. 2009 Stratton Park Moated Enclosure, Stratton, Biggleswade, Bedfordshire: A Landscape Survey and Investigation, English Heritage Unpublished Research Department Report Series 39.

Meade, J. 2004 'Prehistoric landscapes of the Ouse Valley and their use in the Late Iron Age and Romano-British period' in B. Croxford, H. Eckardt, J. Meade and J. Weekes (eds) Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual Theoretical Roman Archaeology Conference, Leicester 2003, Oxford: Oxbow Books. 78-89. https://doi.org/10.16995/TRAC2003_78_89

Medlycott, M. (ed) 2011 Research and Archaeology Revisited: a revised framework for the East of England, East Anglian Archaeology Occasional Paper 24, Association of Local Government Archaeological Officers East of England Region.

Mellor, V. 2009 'Archaeological Assessment Report on Excavations at Pathfinder House, St Mary's Street, Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire Archaeological Project Services', [Unpublished client report 72/09].

Miles, D. 1986 Archaeology at Barton Court Farm, Abingdon, Oxon, Oxford Archaeological Unit Report 3, Council for British Archaeology Research Report 50, Oxford: Oxford Archaeological Unit.

Miles, D., Palmer, S., Smith, A. and Jones, G.P. 2007 Iron Age and Roman Settlement in the Upper Thames Valley: excavations at Claydon Pike and other sites within the Cotswold Water Park, Oxford: Oxford Archaeology.

Millett, M. 2019 'Godmanchester, an important “small town” still poorly understood', Journal of Roman Archaeology 32, 757-760. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1047759419000692

MOLA-Headland Infrastructure (MHI) 2020 'Guidance for A14 Stratigraphic Analysis', internal document.

Monteil, G. 2024b 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire: Brampton West Samian Ware'. https://doi.org/10.5284/1081252

Mook, W.G. 1986 'Business meeting: recommendations/resolutions adopted by the Twelfth International Radiocarbon Conference', Radiocarbon 28, 799. https:doi.org/10.1017/S0033822200008043

Moore, J. and Montgomery, J. 2024 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon Improvement Scheme Specialist Analysis Report: Multi isotope analysis for 42 individuals from the A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon Road development scheme'. https://doi.org/10.5284/1081262

Moore, J., Gron, K.J., Ostrum, B. and Montgomery, J. 2022 'Multi isotope analysis of mixed faunal remains from the A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon Road development scheme', AIPRL [Unpublished client report].

Moorhouse, J. 2021 Iron Age and Roman Copper-alloys from the A14 excavations: Integrating and assessing the use of p-XRF analysis in a large infrastructure project, MA dissertation, University of Reading.

Moretti, D. 2022 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon TEA 48 - Section 6 Huntingdon Train Station ECB 6161; 6230; 6387', Mola Headland Infrastructure (MHI) [Unpublished client report].

Moretti, D., Scholma-Mason, O. and Christie, C. 2023 'Two thousand years of occupation at Mill Common, Huntingdon', Proceedings of the Cambridge Antiquarian Society 113, 113-32.

Morris, P. 1979 Agricultural Buildings in Roman Britain, British Archaeological Reports (Brit. Ser.) 70, Oxford: Archaeopress. https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540656

Mortimer, P. 1995 'Archaeological Excavations at Low Fen, Fen Drayton, Cambridgeshire', Cambridge Archaeological Unit [Unpublished client report].

Mortimer, R. 2007 'Late Saxon to post-medieval occupation and industry at the junction of Hartford Road and High Street, Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire: post-excavation assessment and updated project design', Cambridge Archaeology [Unpublished client report 915].

Mortimer, R. and Hall, D.N. 2000 'Village development and ceramic sequence: the Middle to Late Saxon village at Lordship Lane, Cottenham, Cambridgeshire', Proceedings of the Cambridge Antiquarian Society 89, 5-34.

Mortimer, R., Sayer, D. and Wiseman, R. 2017 'Anglo-Saxon Oakington: a central place on the edge of the Cambridgeshire Fen' in S. Semple, C. Orsini and S. Mui (eds) Life on the Edge: social, political and religious frontiers in early medieval Europe, Neue Studien zur Sachsen forschung 6, Durham. 305-16.

Mould, Q. 2004 'The iron nails' in H.E.M. Cool (ed) The Roman Cemetery at Broughton Cumbria, Excavations 1966-67, London: Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies. 271-271.

N

Neal, D.S. 1989 'The Stanwick Villa, Northants: An Interim Report on the Excavations of 1984-88', Britannia 20, 149-168. https://doi.org/10.2307/526160

Neal, D.S., Wardle, A. and Hunn, J. 1990 Excavation of the Iron Age, Roman and Medieval Settlement at Gorhambury, St Albans, English Heritage Archaeology Reports 14, Historic Buildings and Monuments Commission for England.

Nicholls, K. 2016 'An Iron Age enclosure, Roman pottery kilns and a post-medieval trackway at Zone B, RAF Brampton, Cambridgeshire', Oxford Archaeology East [Unpublished client report].

Nicholson, K. 2004 'Watersmeet, Mill Common, Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire. Archaeological Excavation Final Report', Archaeological Solutions [Unpublished client report].

Nicolay, J. 2007 Armed Batavians. Use and Significance of Weaponry and Horse Gear from Non-military Contexts in the Rhine Delta (50 BC to AD 450), Amsterdam Archaeological Studies 11, Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. https://doi.org/10.5117/9789053562536

Noble, G., Christie, C., Philip, E. 2016 'Life is the pits! Ritual, refuse and Mesolithic-Neolithic settlement traditions in north-East Scotland' in K. Brophy, G. MacGregor, I.B.M. Ralston (eds) The Neolithic of Mainland Scotland, Edinburgh University Press. 171-199. https://doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9780748685721.003.0009

Noble, P. and Thompson, A. 2005 'The Mellor excavations 1998 to 2004' in M. Nevell and N. Redhead (eds) Mellor: Living on the Edge, A regional study of an Iron Age and Romano-British Upland Settlement, Manchester: University of Manchester Press.

O

O'Brien, L. 2016 Bronze Age Barrow, Early to Middle Iron Age Settlement and Burials, and Early Anglo-Saxon Settlement at Harston Mill, Cambridgeshire, East Anglian Archaeology 157. https://eaareports.org.uk/publication/report157/

O'Donnell, L. 2016 'The power of the pyre. A holistic study of cremation focusing on charcoal remains', Journal of Archaeological Science 65, 161-171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2015.11.009

Oosthuizen, S. 1993 'Saxon Commons in Cambridgeshire', Proceedings of the Cambridge Antiquarian Society 82, 93-100.

Oosthuizen, S. 2006 Landscapes Decoded. The origins and development of Cambridgeshire's medieval fields, University of Hertfordshire Press.

P

Palmer, R. 2003 'A14 Improvement, Ellington to Fen Ditton, Cambridgeshire. Aerial Photographic Assessment', Air Photo Services.

Parker, A. 2016 'Staring at death: the Jet Gorgoneia of Roman Britain' in S. Hoss and A. Whitmore (eds) Small Finds and Ancient Social Practices in the Northwest Provinces of the Roman Empire, Oxford: Oxbow Books. 98-114. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvh1dmn0.11

Parker, A. and Ross, C. 2016 'A new phallic carving from Roman Catterick', Britannia 47, 271-9. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0068113X16000118

Patenall, M. 2008 'Archaeological watching brief of test pits along the A14 improvement Ellington to Fen Ditton, Cambridgeshire', Northamptonshire Archaeology [Unpublished client report].

Patten, R. 2012 'Trumpington Meadows, Cambridge. An Archaeological Excavation', Cambridge Archaeological Unit [Unpublished client report 1134].

Patten, R. 2016 'Bearscroft Farm, Godmanchester. An Archaeological Excavation', Cambridge Archaeological Unit [Unpublished client report 1340].

Patten, R. and Evans, C. 2005 'Striplands Farm, West Longstanton Cambridgeshire', Cambridge Archaeological Unit [Unpublished client report].

Patten, R., Slater, A. and Standring, R. 2010 'A14 Ellington to Fen Ditton: An Archaeological Evaluation 2009', Cambridge Archaeological Unit [Unpublished client report].

Patterson, N., Isakov, M., Booth, T., Büster, L., Fischer, C.E., Olalde, I., Ringbauer, H., Akbari, A., Cheronet, O., Bleasdale, M. and Adamski, N. 2022 'Large-scale migration into Britain during the Middle to Late Bronze Age', Nature 601(7894), 588-94. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-04287-4

Paul, S. and Cuttler, R. 2008 'Longstanton Western Bypass Excavations, Cambridgeshire, 2007, Archaeological Post-Excavation Assessment', Birmingham University Field Archaeology Unit [Unpublished client report].

Paynter, S. 2008 'Metalworking remains' in P. Booth, A.M. Bingham and S. Lawrence (eds) The Roman Roadside Settlement at Westhawk Farm, Ashford, Kent, Excavations 1998-9, Oxford: Oxford Archaeology. 267-99.

Pearce, J. 2001 'Infants, cemeteries and communities in the Roman provinces' in D. Davies, A. Gardner and K. Lockyear (eds) TRAC 2000: Proceedings of the Tenth Annual Theoretical Roman Archaeology Conference, London, 2000, Oxford: Oxbow Books. 125-142. https://doi.org/10.16995/TRAC2000_125_142

Pearce, J. 2013 Contextual Archaeology Burial Practice. Case studies from Roman Britain, British Archaeological Reports (Brit. Ser.) 588, Oxford: Archaeopress. https://doi.org/10.30861/9781407311968

Pena, J.T. 2007 Roman Pottery in the Archaeological Record, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511499685

Percival, S. 2012 'Prehistoric pottery from Linton Village College', Oxford Archaeology East. [Unpublished report].

Percival, S. 2024c 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire: Brampton West Earlier Prehistoric Pottery'. https://doi.org/10.5284/1081252

Percival, S. 2024g 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire: Conington Earlier Prehistoric Pottery'. https://doi.org/10.5284/1081253

Percival, S. 2024h 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon Improvement Scheme Specialist Analysis Report: The Early Prehistoric Pottery Overview'. https://doi.org/10.5284/1081262

Percival, S. 2024i 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon Improvement Scheme Specialist Analysis Report: The Iron Age Pottery Overview'. https://doi.org/10.5284/1081262

Percival, S. and Lyons, A. 2024 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire: River Great Ouse Iron Age and Roman pottery'.https://doi.org/10.5284/1081255

Perring, D. 2002 The Roman House in Britain, London: Routledge.https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203463857

Perring, D. 2013 'Town and country in Roman Britain: current perspectives' in D. Perring and M. Pitts (eds) Alien Cities: Consumption and the Origins of Urbanism in Roman Britain, SpoilHeap Monograph 7, Portslade: Spoilheap Publications. 1-13.

Perring, D. and Pitts, M. 2013 Alien Cities: Consumption and the Origins of Urbanism in Roman Britain, SpoilHeap Monograph 7, Portslade: Spoilheap Publications.

Phillips, T. 2015 'A Bronze Age barrow and cremation cemetery and Early-Middle Iron Age settlement at The Fawcett Primary School, Cambridge', Oxford Archaeology [Unpublished client report].

Phillips, T. forthcoming The Archaeology of Clay Farm, Trumpington, East Anglian Archaeology.

Phillips, T. and Mortimer, R. 2012 'Clay Farm, Trumpington, Cambridgeshire, Post-excavation Assessment and Updated Project Design', Oxford Archaeology East [Unpublished client report 1294].

Phillips, Y. 2015 'Bronze Age and Iron Age settlement and land-use at the Milton Landfill and Park & Ride Sites, Cambridgeshire', Proceedings of the Cambridge Antiquarian Society 104, 7-30.

Philpott, R. 1991 Burial practices in Roman Britain: a survey of grave treatment and furnishing AD 43-410, British Archaeological Reports (Brit. Ser.) 219, Oxford: Archaeopress. https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547259

Pitts, M. 2005 'Pots and pits: drinking and deposition in Late Iron Age south-east Britain', Oxford Journal of Archaeology 24(2), 143-161. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0092.2005.00230.x

Pitts, M. 2017 'Gallo-Belgic wares. Objects in motion in the early Roman northwest' in A. Van Oyen and M. Pitts (eds) Materialising Roman Histories 3, Oxford: Oxbow Books. 47-64. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt1v2xtgh.9

Pollard, J. 1996 'Iron Age riverside pit alignments at St Ives, Cambridgeshire', Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 62, 93-115. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0079497X00002759

Pollard, J. 2001 'The aesthetics of depositional practice', World Archaeology 33(2), 315-33. https://doi.org/10.1080/00438240120079316

Pope, R.E. 2003 Prehistoric Dwelling: Circular structures in north and central Britain (c. 2500 BC-AD 500), PhD thesis, University of Durham. https://etheses.dur.ac.uk/1413/

Powell, K., Smith, A. and Laws, G. 2010 Evolution of a Farming Community in the Upper Thames Valley: excavation of prehistoric, Roman and post-Roman landscape at Cotswold Community, Gloucestershire and Wiltshire, Thames Valley Landscapes Monograph 31, Oxford: Oxford University School of Archaeology.

Powlesland, D., Lyall, J., Hopkinson, G., Donoghue, D., Beck, M., Harte, A. and Stott, D. 2006 'Beneath the sand: remote sensing, archaeology, aggregates and sustainability: a case study from Heslerton, the Vale of Pickering, North Yorkshire, UK', Archaeological Prospection 13(4), 291-99. https://doi.org/10.1002/arp.297

Pryor, F. 1993 'III. Pit alignments in the Welland Valley: a possible explanation' in W.G. Simpson, D.A. Gurney, J. Neve and F.M.M. Pryor (eds) The Fenland Project, Number 7: Excavations in Peterborough and the Lower Wellend Valley 1960-69, East Anglian Archaeology 61. 141-2. https://eaareports.org.uk/publication/report61/

Pullen, A. 2024 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire: Alconbury Landscape Block Analysis Report'. https://doi.org/10.5284/1081249

Q

Quinn, C.P., Kuijt, I. and Cooney, G. 2014 'Introduction: contextualizing cremations' in C.P. Quinn, I. Kuijt and G. Cooney (eds) Transformation by Fire. The Archaeology of Cremation in Cultural Context, Arizona: The University of Arizona Press. 25-34.

R

Raftis, J.A. and Hogan, M.P. 1976 Early Huntingdonshire Lay Subsidy Rolls, Subsidia Mediaevalia 8, Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies.

Rebisz-Niziolek, A. and Hudak, E. 2024a 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire: Alconbury Iron Age and Roman Pottery'. https://doi.org/10.5284/1081249

Redfern, R. 2008 'New evidence for Iron Age secondary burial practice and bone modification from Gussage All Saints and Maiden Castle (Dorset, England)', Oxford Journal of Archaeology 27(3), 281-301. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0092.2008.00308.x

Rees, S. 2011 'Agriculture' in L. Allason-Jones (ed) Artefacts in Roman Britain. Their purpose and use, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 89-114.

Reid, A. and Atkins, R. 2019 'Archaeological excavation on land wet of Brampton, Cambridgeshire, August 2017-January 2018', MOLA [Unpublished client report 19/71].

Reynolds, A. 2009 Anglo-Saxon Deviant Burial Customs, Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199544554.001.0001

Reynolds, P. 1983 Iron Age Agriculture Reviewed, Wessex Lecture 1, Council for British Archaeology Group 12. http://www.butser.org.uk/IA%20Ag%20Reviewed.pdf]

Reynolds, T. 1994 'Iron Age/Roman British settlement at Milton: An archaeological rescue project', Cambridgeshire County Council Archaeological Field Unit [Unpublished client report].

Rippon, S. 2017 'Romano-British coarse ware industries and socio-economic interaction in Eastern England' in M. Allen, L. Lodwick, T. Brindle, M. Fulford and A. Smith (eds) The Rural Economy of Roman Britain. New Visions of the Countryside of Roman Britain, Vol. 2, London: Britannia Monograph Series 30. 336-52.

Roach, J.P.C. 1959 'The City of Cambridge: modern history' in J.P.C. Roach (ed) A History of the County of Cambridge and the Isle of Ely: Volume 3, the City and University of Cambridge, London. 15-29. https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/cambs/vol3/ [Last accessed: 17 July 2023].

Roberts, B. and Wrathmell, S. 2002 Region and Place: A study of English rural settlement, English Heritage.

Roberts, C.A. and Cox, M. 2003 Health and Disease in Britain: from prehistory to the present day, Sutton Publishing.

Robinson, M. 2002 'Domestic burnt offerings and sacrifices at Roman and pre-Roman Pompeii, Italy', Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 11, 93-100. https://doi.org/10.1007/s003340200010

Rohnbogner, A. 2018 'The rural population' in A. Smith, M. Allen, T. Brindle, M. Fulford, L. Lodwick and A. Rohnbogner (eds) Life and Death in the Countryside of Roman Britain. New Visions of the Countryside of Roman Britain, Vol. 3, London: Britannia Monograph Series 31. 281-343.

Rowley-Conwy, P., Gron, K.J., Bishop, R.R., Dunne, J.B., Evershed, R.P., Longford, C., Schulting. R. and Treasure, E. 2020 'The earliest farming in Britain' in K.J. Gron, P. Rowley-Conwy and L. Sørensen (eds) Farmers at the Frontier: a Pan-European Perspective on Neolithisation, Oxford: Oxbow Books. 401-424. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv13gvh1g.23

Rust, T.C. 2006 Architecture, Economics and Identity in Romano-British 'Small-Towns', British Archaeological Reports (Int. Ser.) 1547, Oxford: Archaeopress. https://doi.org/10.30861/9781841717609

S

Sabin, D.J. 2004 'Geophysical Survey Report A14 Improvements: Ellington to Fen Ditton, Cambridgeshire'.

Salway, P. 1993 A History of Roman Britain, Oxford: University of Oxford Press.

Scaife, R. 2000 'The prehistoric vegetation and environment of the River Ouse Valley' in M. Dawson (ed) Prehistoric, Roman, and post-Roman Landscapes of the Great Ouse Valley, Council for British Archaeology Research Report 119, York: Council for British Archaeology. 17-33. https://doi.org/10.5284/1081754

Scaife, R. and French, C. 2020 'The developing vegetation and environment of the Flag Fen Basin and its immediate environment - the wider setting' in M. Knight and M. Brundell (eds) Pattern and Process. Landscape prehistories from Whittlesey Brick Pits: the King's Dyke & Bradley Fen excavations 1998-2004, Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research. 32-38.

Schiedel, W. 2012 'Approaching the Roman economy' in W. Schiedel (ed) The Cambridge Companion to the Roman Economy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1017/CCO9781139030199.001

Schiffels, S., Haak, W., Paajanen, P., Llamas, B., Popescu, E., Loe, L., Clarke, R., Lyons, A., Mortimer, R., Sayer, D., Tyler-Smith, C., Cooper, A. and Durbin, R. 2016 'Iron Age and Anglo-Saxon genomes from East England reveal British migration history', Nature Communications 7, 10408. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms10408

Scholma-Mason, O. 2024 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire: Bar Hill Landscape Block Analysis Report'. https://doi.org/10.5284/1081250

Scholma-Mason, O., Moretti, D. and Christie, C. 2024 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire, Mill Common Analysis Report'. https://doi.org/10.5284/1122715

Scott, E. 1990 'Romano-British villas and the social construction of space' in R. Samson (ed) The Social Archaeology of Houses, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

Semple, S. and Williams, H. 2015 'Landmarks of the dead: exploring Anglo-Saxon mortuary geographies' in M. Clegg Hyer and G.R. Owen-Crocker (eds) The Material Culture of the Built Environment in the Anglo-Saxon World, Liverpool. 137-61.

Serjeantson, D. 2006 'Food or feast at Neolithic Runnymede' in D. Serjeantson and D. Field (eds) Animals in the Neolithic of Britain and Europe, Oxford: Oxbow Books. 113-134. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt1w1vjbn.16

Shaffrey, R. 2022a 'Quern development and use in the Cambridge area from the Bronze Age to the Roman period', Proceedings of the Cambridge Antiquarian Society 111, 7-22.

Shaffrey, R. 2022b 'Meaning in millstones: phallic imagery on Romano-British millstones', Britannia 53, 357-370. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0068113X22000307

Shaffrey, R. 2024f 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire: Conington Querns and Millstones'.

Shaffrey, R. 2024h 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire: A14 Cambridge To Huntingdon Improvement Scheme Specialist Analysis Report: The Querns And Millstones Overview'. https://doi.org/10.5284/1081262

Shaffrey, R. and Banfield, L. 2024 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire: Brampton West Worked Stone'. https://doi.org/10.5284/1081252

Sherlock, S. 2012 Late Prehistoric Settlement in the Tees Valley and North East England, Tees Archaeology Monograph 5, Hartlepool: Tees Archaeology.

Sillwood, R. 2024c 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire: Brampton West Registered Finds: Medieval to Modern'. https://doi.org/10.5284/1081252

Silva, M., Booth, T., Gillardet, A., Kelly, M., Williams, M., Anastasiadou, K., Swali, P. and Skoglund, P. 2024 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon Improvement Scheme: Genetic Analysis of the Human Burials'. https://doi.org/10.5284/1081262

Silva, M., Booth, T., Moore, J., Anastasiadou, K., Walker, D., Gilardet, A., Barrington, C., Kelly, M., Williams, M., Henderson, M., Smith, A., Bowsher, D., Montgomery, J. and Skoglund, P. 2024a 'An individual with Sarmatian-related ancestry in Roman Britain', Current Biology 34(1), 204-212.e6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2023.11.049

Slater, M. 2016 'Land at Brampton Hut, Great North Road, Cambridgeshire: Archaeological Excavation, Post-Excavation Assessment', Pre-Construct Archaeology Ltd [Unpublished client report].

Smith, A. 2016a 'The Central Belt' in A. Smith, M. Allen, T. Brindle and M. Fulford (eds) The Rural Settlement of Roman Britain. New Visions of the Countryside of Roman Britain Vol. 1, London: Britannia Monograph Series 29. 141-208.

Smith, A. 2016b 'Buildings in the countryside' in A. Smith, M. Allen, T. Brindle and M. Fulford (eds) The Rural Settlement of Roman Britain. New Visions of the Countryside of Roman Britain Vol. 1, London: Britannia Monograph Series 29. 44-74.

Smith, A. 2017 'Rural crafts and industry' in M. Allen, L. Lodwick, T. Brindle, M. Fulford and A. Smith (eds) The Rural Economy of Roman Britain. New Visions of the Countryside of Roman Britain Vol. 2, London: Britannia Monograph Series 30. 178-234.

Smith, A. 2018a 'Religion and the rural population' in A. Smith, M. Allen, T. Brindle, M. Fulford, L. Lodwick and A. Rohnbogner (eds) Life and Death in the Countryside of Roman Britain. New Visions of the Countryside of Roman Britain Vol. 3, London: Britannia Monograph Series 31. 120-201.

Smith, A. 2018b 'Death in the countryside: rural burial practices' in A. Smith, M. Allen, T. Brindle, M. Fulford, L. Lodwick and A. Rohnbogner (eds) Life and Death in the Countryside of Roman Britain. New Visions of the Countryside of Roman Britain Vol. 3, London: Britannia Monograph Series 31. 205-78.

Smith, A. and Fulford, M. 2019 'The defended Vici of Roman Britain: recent research and new agendas', Britannia 50, 109-147. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0068113X19000151

Smith, A. and Muir, J. 2004 'Discussion and synthesis' in D. Jennings, J. Muir, S. Palmer and A. Smith (eds) Thornhill Farm, Fairford, Gloucestershire, an Iron Age and Roman pastoral site in the Upper Thames Valley, Thames Valley Landscapes Monograph 23, Oxford: Oxford Archaeology. 147-59.

Smith, A., Allen, M., Brindle, T. and Fulford, M. (eds) 2016 The Rural Settlement of Roman Britain. New Visions of the Countryside of Roman Britain Vol. 1, London: Britannia Monograph Series 29.

Smith, A., Allen, M., Brindle, T., Fulford, M., Lodwick, L. and Rohnbogner, A. 2018 Life and Death in the Countryside of Roman Britain. New Visions of the Countryside of Roman Britain Vol. 3, London: Britannia Monograph Series 31.

Smith, A.G., Whittle, A., Cloutman, E.W. and Morgan, L.A. 1989 'Mesolithic and Neolithic activity and environmental impact on the south-east fen-edge in Cambridgeshire', Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 55(1), 207-249. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0079497X00005405

Smith, D. and Kenward, H. 2011 'Roman grain pests in Britain: implications for grain supply and agricultural production', Britannia 42, 243-262. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0068113X11000031

Smith, A., West, E., Sherlock, S., Gdaniec. K. and Bowsher, D. 2024 'Great Excavations: Methodological considerations arising after a major archaeological infrastructure project for the A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon Road Improvement Scheme', Internet Archaeology 67. https://doi.org/10.11141/ia.67.21

Spoerry, P. 2000 'The topography of Anglo-Saxon Huntingdon: a survey of the archaeological and historical evidence', Proceedings of the Cambridge Antiquarian Society 89, 35-47.

Spoerry, P. 2005 'Town and country in the Medieval Fenland' in K. Giles and C. Dyer (eds) Town and Country in the Middle Ages: Contrasts, Contacts and Interconnections, 1100-1500, Society for Medieval Archaeology Monograph 22. 85-110.

Stace, C.A. 1997 New Flora of the British Isles, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Stenton, F.M. 1936 'The road system of Medieval England', The Economic History Review 7(1), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.2307/2590730

Stevens, C. 1998 'Plant remains' in R.A. Broomhead 'Ilchester, Great Yard Archaeological Excavations 1995', Proceedings of the Somerset Archaeological and Natural History Society 142, 139-91.

Stevens, C. 2003 'An investigation of agricultural consumption and production models for Prehistoric and Roman Britain', Environmental Archaeology 8(1), 61-76. https://doi.org/10.1179/env.2003.8.1.61

Stevens, C. 2009 'The Romano-British agricultural economy' in J. Wright, M. Leivers, R.S. Smith and C.J. Stevens (eds) Cambourne New Settlement: Iron Age and Romano-British Settlement on the Clay Uplands of West Cambridgeshire, Salisbury: Wessex Archaeology. 110-14.

Stevens, C.J. and Fuller, D.Q. 2012 'Did Neolithic farming fail? The case for a Bronze Age agricultural revolution in the British Isles', Antiquity 86(333), 707-22. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003598X00047864

Stevens, C.J. and Fuller, D.Q. 2015 'Alternative strategies to agriculture: the evidence for climatic shocks and cereal declines during the British Neolithic and Bronze Age (a reply to Bishop)', World Archaeology 47(5), 856-875. https://doi.org/10.1080/00438243.2015.1087330

Stokes, P. and Rowley-Conwy, P. 2002 'Iron Age cultigen? Experimental return rates for fat hen (Chenopodium album L.)', Environmental Archaeology 7(1), 95-99. https://doi.org/10.1179/env.2002.7.1.95

Sutton, A. and Hudak, E. 2024a 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire: West of Ouse Iron Age and Roman pottery'. https://doi.org/10.5284/1081256

Sutton, A. and Hudak, E. 2024b 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire: A14 Cambridge To Huntingdon Improvement Scheme: Roman Pottery Production In The Lower Ouse Valley And Wider A14 Corridor'. https://doi.org/10.5284/1081262

Sutton, A. and Rebisz-Niziolek. A. 2024 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire: Brampton West Iron Age and Roman Pottery'. https://doi.org/10.5284/1081252

Sutton, A., Wood, I. and Badreshany, K. 2024 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire: A14 Cambridge To Huntingdon Improvement Scheme: Late Iron Age Pottery in Southern Cambridgeshire: New Analyses'. https://doi.org/10.5284/1081262

Swift, E. 2012 'Object biography, re-use and recycling in the late to post-Roman transition period and beyond', Britannia 43, 167-215. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0068113X12000281

T

Tabor, J. and Barker, C. 2022 Post Excavation Assessment and Updated Project Design, Long Holme Drove Investigations II: 2020 Excavations within Hanson's Over Needingworth Quarry (Phase V.1), Cambridge Archaeological Unit Report 1525.

Taylor, A. 2000 'Roman religion' in T. Kirby and S. Oosthuzien (eds) An Atlas of Cambridgeshire and Huntingdonshire History, Centre for Regional Studies.

Taylor, A. 2001 Burial Practice in Early England, Stroud: Tempus.

Taylor, A.F., Woodward, P.J., Rudd, G., Simon, A.P., Allen, R., Arthur, J.R.B., Bradley, R., Denston, B., Field, K., Gardiner, J.P. and Grant, A. 1985 'A Bronze Age barrow cemetery, and associated settlement at Roxton, Bedfordshire', Archaeological Journal 142(1), 73-149. https://doi.org/10.1080/00665983.1985.11021060

Taylor, C.C. 2002 'Nucleated settlement: a view from the frontier', Landscape History 24(1), 53-71. https://doi.org/10.1080/01433768.2002.10594539

Taylor, J. 2000 'Stonea in its Fenland context: moving beyond an imperial estate', Journal of Roman Archaeology 13, 647-658. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1047759400019437

Taylor, J. 2001 'Rural society in Roman Britain', in S. James and M. Millett (eds) Britons and Romans: advancing an archaeological agenda, Council for British Archaeology Research Report 125. 46-60.

Taylor, J. 2007 An Atlas of Roman Rural settlement in England, Council for British Archaeology Research Report 151.

Taylor, M. 2015 'The wood assemblage' in C. Evans, R. Patten, M. Brudenell and M. Taylor (eds) 'An Inland Bronze Age: Excavations at Striplands Farm, West Longstanton', Proceedings of the Cambridge Antiquarian Society 100, 26-32.

Thomas, J. 2002 Understanding the Neolithic, 2nd edn, London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203069561

Thomas, J. 2007 'Mesolithic-Neolithic transitions in Britain: from essence to inhabitation', in A. Whittle and V. Cummings (eds), Going Over: The Mesolithic-Neolithic Transition in North-West Europe, Proceedings of the British Academy 144, 423-439. https://doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197264140.003.0022

Tilley, C. 1994 A Phenomenology of Landscape, Michigan: University of Michigan.

Tipper, J. 2004 The Grubenhaus in Anglo-Saxon England: An analysis and interpretation of the evidence from a distinctive building type, Yedingham: Landscape Research Centre, English Heritage.

Todd, M. 1981 The Iron Age and Roman Settlement at Whitwell Leicestershire, Leicestershire Museums, Art Galleries and Records Service Archaeological Report.

Tucker, K. 2012 'Whence this severance of the head?': the osteology and archaeology of human decapitation in Britain, PhD thesis, University of Winchester. https://winchester.elsevierpure.com/files/2631960/thesis_final.pdf

Turner, G.J. (ed) 1901 Select pleas of the forest, Publications of the Selden Society, London. https://archive.org/details/selectpleasoffor00grearich

Turner, K. and Roberts, K. 2024 'A14 TEA 20 River Great Ouse Plant Remains'. https://doi.org/10.5284/1081255

V

Van der Veen, M. 2007 'Formation processes of desiccated and carbonized plant remains - the identification of routine practice', Journal of Archaeological Science 34(6), 968-990. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2006.09.007

Van der Veen, M. 2016 'Arable farming, horticulture and food. Expansion innovation and diversity' in M. Millett, L. Revell and A. Moore (eds) The Oxford Handbook of Roman Britain, Oxford: Oxford University Press. 807-43.

Van der Veen, M., Livarda, M. and Hill, A. 2008 'New food plants in Roman Britain: dispersal and social access', Environmental Archaeology 13(1), 11-36. https://doi.org/10.1179/174963108X279193

Van Limbergen, D. 2018 'What Romans ate and how much they ate. Old and new research on eating habits and dietary proportions in classical antiquity', Revue Belge de Philogie et d'Historie 96(3), 1049-1092. https://doi.org/10.3406/rbph.2018.9188

Van Oyen, A. 2016 How Things Make History. The Roman Empire and its Terra Sigillata Pottery, Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.

W

Wainwright, G.J. 1969 'A review of henge monuments in the light of recent research', Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 35, 112-133. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0079497X00013426

Wait, G. 1985 Ritual and Religion in Iron Age Britain, British Archaeological Reports (Brit. Ser.) 149(i), Oxford: Archaeopress. https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860543626

Wait, G. 1992 'Archaeological excavations at Godmanchester (A14/A604 Junction)', Proceedings of the Cambridge Antiquarian Society 80, 79-96.

Walker, C. 2011 'An assessment of the archaeological excavation of Areas 5, 6 and 7, Passenham Quarry, Calverton, Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire, Northamptonshire Archaeology', [Unpublished client report].

Wallace, L. 2016 'The early Roman horizon' in M. Millett, L. Revell and A. Moore (eds) The Oxford Handbook of Roman Britain, Oxford: Oxford University Press. 117-133. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199697731.013.006

Wallace, L.M. 2018 'Community and the creation of provincial identities: a re-interpretation of the Romano-British aisled building at North Warnborough', The Archaeological Journal 175(2), 231-54. https://doi.org/10.1080/00665983.2017.1389148

Wallace, M. 2024 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire: West of Ouse Plant Remains'. https://doi.org/10.5284/1081256

Wallace, M. and Ewens, V. 2024 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon Improvement Scheme Specialist Analysis Report: The Environmental Overview'. https://doi.org/10.5284/1081262

Wallace, M., Montgomery, J., Roger, B., Moore, J., Nowell, G. and Smith, A. forthcoming 'Continuity and Sustainability: stable isotope analysis on the A14 project, Cambridgeshire, UK'.

Walton, P. and Moorhead, T.S.N. 2015 'Coinage and the economy' in M. Millett, L. Revell and A. Moore (eds) The Oxford Handbook of Roman Britain, Oxford: Oxford University Press. 834-849. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199697731.013.047

Walton, P.J. 2012 Rethinking Roman Britain: coinage and archaeology, Wetteren.

Webster, L.E. and Cherry, J. 1975 'Medieval Britain in 1974', Medieval Archaeology 19(1), 220-260. https://doi.org/10.1080/00766097.1975.11735376

Wessex Archaeology 2014 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon Improvements - Geophysical survey and Archaeological Trial Trenching. Detailed Magnetometer and UAV Survey'.

West, E., Scholma-Mason, O. and McGalliard, S. 2024 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire: Brampton West Landscape Block Analysis Report'. https://doi.org/10.5284/1081252

West, E., Christie, C., Scholma-Mason, O., Billington, L., Brudenell, M., Moretti, D. and Smith, A. (eds) forthcoming Time Travellers' Tales: Essays from the A14 Cambridge to Huntington Archaeological Excavations, MHI Monograph.

West, S. 1985 West Stow, the Anglo-Saxon Village, Suffolk, East Anglian Archaeology 24. https://eaareports.org.uk/publication/report24/

White, J., Guarino, P. and Haskins, A. 2024 'A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire: Conington Landscape Block Analysis Report'. https://doi.org/10.5284/1081253

White, K.D. 1970 Roman Farming, London: Thames and Hudson.

White, K.D. 1978 Farm Equipment of the Roman World, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Whitley, J. 2002 'Too many ancestors', Antiquity 76(291), 119-126. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003598X00089870

Whittle, A., Healy, F. and Bayliss, A. 2011 Gathering Time: Dating the Early Neolithic Enclosures of Southern Britain and Ireland 1-2, Oxford: Oxbow Books. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvh1dwp2

Wild, J.P. 1970 Textile Manufacture in the Northern Roman Provinces, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Wiles, J. 2021 'Roman coins' in O. Aldred (ed) 'Northstowe Phase 2a, Part 1 Cambridgeshire An Archaeological excavation Areas A1, AA2, AA3/4 and AA6', Cambridge Archaeological Unit [Unpublished client report].

Williamson, T., Liddard, R. and Partida, T. 2013 Champion: the Making and Unmaking of the English Midland Landscape, Liverpool: Liverpool University Press.

Willis, S. 1996 'The Romanization of pottery assemblages in the east and north-east of England during the first century AD: a comparative analysis', Britannia 27, 179-221. https://doi.org/10.2307/527044

Willis, S. 1998 'Samian pottery in Britain: exploring its distribution and archaeological potential', The Archaeological Journal 155(1), 82-133. https://doi.org/10.1080/00665983.1998.11078847

Willis, S. 2004 'Samian Pottery, a Resource for the Study of Roman Britain and Beyond: the results of the English Heritage funded Samian Project. An e-monograph', Internet Archaeology 17. https://doi.org/10.11141/ia.17.1

Willis, S. 2011 'Samian ware and society in Roman Britain and beyond', Britannia 42, 167-242. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0068113X11000602

Willis, S. 2022 'The Later Bronze Age and Iron Age', East Midlands Historic Environment Research Framework. Updated Period Resource Assessment. https://researchframeworks.org/emherf/updated-period-resource-assessment-the-later-bronze-age-and-iron-age/#section-105

Wilson, B. 1978 'The animal bones' in M. Parrington (ed) The Excavation of an Iron Age Settlement, Bronze Age Ring Ditches and Roman Features at Ashville Trading Estate Abingdon Oxfordshire, Oxford Archaeological Unit Report 1, Council for British Archaeology Research Report 28, Oxford: Oxford Archaeological Unit. 110-38.

Wiltshire, P. 1997 'The pollen' in C. Evans and M. Knight The Over Lowlands investigation, Cambridgeshire: Part I - The 1996 Evaluation, Cmbridge: Cambridge Archaeological Unit. 76-82.

Wiseman, R., Brewer, E., Luxford, R., Losh, J., Fosberry, R., Robers, M., Jackson-Slater, C. and Boulton, A. 2020 Archaeology On Furlough: Roman planting trenches in the east of England. https://doi.org/10.17863/CAM.60153

Wiseman, R., Allen, M.J. and Gibson, C. 2021 'The inverted dead of Britain's Bronze Age barrows: a perspective from Conceptual Metaphor Theory', Antiquity 95(381), 720-734.https://doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2020.193

Wiseman, R., Neil, B. and Mazzilli, F. 2021 'Extreme justice: decapitations and prone burials in three Late Roman cemeteries at Knobb's Farm, Cambridgeshire', Britannia 52, 119-173. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0068113X21000064

Woolf, G. 1998 Becoming Roman: the origins of provincial civilization in Gaul, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511518614

Wordie, J.R. 1983 'The chronology of English Enclosure 1500-1914', Economic History Review 36(4), 483-505. https://doi.org/10.2307/2597236

Worley, F. and Serjeantson, D. 2014 'Red deer antlers in Neolithic Britain and their use in the construction of monuments' in K. Baker, R. Carden and R. Madgwick (eds) Deer and People, Oxford: Oxbow Books. 119-131. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv13gvgms.14

Wrathmell, S. 1989 Wharram: A Study of Settlement on the Yorkshire Wolds, Vol. VI: Domestic Settlement 2: Medieval Farmsteads, York University Archaeological Publications 8.

Wrathmell, S. 2001 'Some general hypotheses on English Medieval peasant houses construction from the seventh to the seventeenth centuries', Ruralia 4, 175-86.

Wright, A. 2022 'Post-excavation assessment report. A428 Black Cat to Caxton Gibbet Improvement Scheme, Site 7, Field 44', MOLA [Unpublished client report].

Wright, J., Seager Smith, R., Stevens, C.J. and Leivers, M. 2009 Cambourne New Settlement: Iron Age and Romano-British Settlement on the Clay Uplands of West Cambridgeshire, Wessex Archaeology Reports 23, Wessex: Trust for Wessex Archaeology Ltd.

Y

Yates, D.T. 2007 Land, Power and Prestige: Bronze Age Field Systems in Southern England, Oxford: Oxbow Books. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvh1dm2s

Younger, R. 2016 'Making memories, making monuments: changing understandings of henges in prehistory and the present' in K. Brophy (ed) Neolithic of Mainland Scotland, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. 116-38. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780748685745-011

Z

Zanella, G. 2015 'Random partition models and complementary clustering of Anglo-Saxon place-names', The Annals of Applied Statistics 9(4), 1792-1822. https://doi.org/10.1214/15-AOAS884

Zeki, L.R. 2016 'Fen Drayton Villa Investigations, Excavation Report No. 2', Cambridge Archaeological Unit [Unpublished client report].