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Table of Contents

• Summary
• Table of Contents
• List of Figures
• List of Tables

• 1. Introduction
• 2. The Case Studies
• 3. Case Study 1: Cwm Cilio, Llanaelhaearn
  • 3.1 Description
  • 3.2 Geophysical survey by David Hopewell
  • 3.3 Trial excavation
  • 3.4 Palaeoenvironmental evidence
    • 3.4.1 Soil micromorphology by Richard I. Macphail
    • 3.4.2 Soil pollen by Astrid E. Caseldine
    • 3.4.3 Charcoal by Astrid E. Caseldine
  • 3.5 Dating and discussion
    • 3.5.1 Cwm Cilio Valley peat pollen site evidence
• 4. Case Study 2: Braich y Gornel, Cwm Ystradllyn
  • 4.1 Description
  • 4.2 Geophysical survey by David Hopewell
  • 4.3 Trial excavation
  • 4.4 Palaeoenvironmental evidence
    • 4.4.1 Soil micromorphology by Richard I. Macphail
    • 4.4.2 Soil pollen by Astrid E. Caseldine
    • 4.4.3 Charcoal by Astrid E. Caseldine
  • 4.5 Dating and discussion
    • 4.5.1 Braich y Gornel peat site pollen evidence by Astrid E. Caseldine
• 5. Case Study 3: Muriau Gwyddelod, Harlech
  • 5.1 Description
  • 5.2 Research objectives
  • 5.3 Survey results
  • 5.4 Geophysical survey by David Hopewell
  • 5.5 Palaeoenvironmental evidence
    • 5.5.1 Soil micromorphology by Richard I. Macphail
    • 5.5.2 Soil pollen by Astrid E. Caseldine
    • 5.5.3 Charcoal by Astrid E. Caseldine
  • 5.6 Dating and discussion
• 6. Archaeological Discussion and Priorities for Future Research
  • 6.1 Evaluation of Research Methods in the light of the project results
    • 6.1.1 Excavation
    • 6.1.2 Palaeobotanical study by Astrid E. Caseldine
    • 6.1.3 Soil micromorphology by Richard I. Macphail
    • 6.1.4 Geophysical survey by David Hopewell
  • 6.2 Palaeoenvironmental discussion by Astrid E. Caseldine
  • 6.3 Archaeological summary and discussion
    • 6.3.1 Clearance and cultivation methods
    • 6.3.2 Boundaries and terraces
    • 6.3.3 Field-system pattern, field morphology and size
    • 6.3.4 General discussion
• Appendix 1: Appendix 1: Early Fields – palaeoenvironmental methods and peat stratigraphies by Astrid E. Caseldine
• Appendix 2: Appendix 2: Early fields soil micromorphology methods by Richard I. Macphail
• Bibliography
• Acknowledgements

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